Multifunctional Nanoprobes for Nanoscale Chemical Imaging and Localized Chemical Delivery at Surfaces and Interfaces

Abstract

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Shearforce positioning of nanoprobe electrode arrays for scanning electrochemical microscopy experiments

“…Combination of AFM with SECM is by nature very powerful, taking advantage of micro/nanofabrication techniques to tune the electrode shape and size [18][19][20][21]. By comparison, the simplicity of fabrication of SICM probes makes them very successful for laboratory experiment at the interface with living materials [14,22]. Soft microfluidic devices allow today to extend the SECM experiment to large and curved samples and to combine the electrochemical measurement with chemical analysis [1,4,15,23,24].…”

“…Nowadays shearforce sensitive techniques can be implemented in a SECM setup using laser detection [8], tuning fork [9] or a set of two piezoelectric plates mechanically attached to the electrode body [10]. Other technologies have also been combined with SECM in order to achieve accurate distance control, for example AFM [11,12], scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) [13,14] or soft microfluidic devices [1,15]. In addition, in a more classic setup, the current can be used to position the electrode independently from the reactivity using alternating-current measurement [16] or tip position modulation [17].…”

Nanobiosensors and Nanobioanalyses

“…Various feedback distance-control systems have been developed, including those based on atomic force microscopy (Macpherson and Unwin 2000;Kranz et al 2001), shear force (Hengstenberg et al 2000;Takahashi et al 2009b), impedance (Alpuche-Aviles and Wipf 2001; Kurulugama et al 2005;Zhao et al 2010), faradaic current (Fan and Bard 1999;Kurulugama et al 2005), ion current (Comstock et al 2010;Takahashi et al 2010b;Takahashi et al 2011b), and electrochemical signaling (Williams et al 2009;Lai et al 2011;Guell et al 2012). Various feedback distance-control systems have been developed, including those based on atomic force microscopy (Macpherson and Unwin 2000;Kranz et al 2001), shear force (Hengstenberg et al 2000;Takahashi et al 2009b), impedance (Alpuche-Aviles and Wipf 2001; Kurulugama et al 2005;Zhao et al 2010), faradaic current (Fan and Bard 1999;Kurulugama et al 2005), ion current (Comstock et al 2010;Takahashi et al 2010b;Takahashi et al 2011b), and electrochemical signaling (Williams et al 2009;Lai et al 2011;Guell et al 2012).…”

Electrochemical sensing and imaging based on ion transfer at liquid/liquid interfaces

“…The control of a nanometer-wide gap between a tip and a substrate is critical for various nanoscale applications of SECM, not only for electrochemical imaging [56, 65, 68, 69] but also for the kinetic study of heterogeneous [54, 70–76] and homogeneous [77] reactions and single molecule detection [78–81]. Recently, we reported for the first time that the stability of the nanogap in ambient conditions is significantly compromised by the thermal expansion and contraction of components of an SECM stage upon a temperature change [82].…”