Multifunctional β-Cyclodextrin Polymer for Simultaneous Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants and Detrimental Microorganisms from Water

Abstract

Natural organic matter (NOM), organic micropollutants (OMPs), and detrimental microorganisms are three major pollutants that affect water quality. To remove these pollutants, a quaternary ammoniumfunctionalized β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) is successfully synthesized in the aqueous phase. The N 2 and CO 2 adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the polymer mainly contains ultra-micropores (<1 nm), with a Langmuir surface area of 89 m 2 g −1 . Two kinds of NOM, humic acid and fulvic acid, and five OMPs, 2-naphthol (2-NO), 3-phenylphenol (3-PH), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol S (BPS), were selected as model pollutants to study the performance of β-CDP and three kinds of commercial adsorbents, including granular activated carbon, DARCO-AC, and two resins, XAD-4 and D-201, were used for comparison. The polymer shows ultrarapid adsorption kinetics for the removal of these pollutants, with pseudo-second-order rate constants two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of the commercial activated carbon and resins. Due to the different adsorption sites of NOM and OMPs, β-CDP can simultaneously remove these pollutants without competitive adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of β-CDP for HA, FA, 2-NO, 3-PH, 2,4,6-TCP, BPA, and BPS based on the Langmuir model is 40, 166, 74, 101, 108, 103, and 117 mg g −1 , respectively. After use, the polymer can be easily regenerated at room temperature. In addition, β-CDP also showed excellent bactericidal properties due to the quaternary ammonium groups. At a concentration of 15 g L −1 , β-CDP can remove 98% of the tested Escherichia coli. Moreover, the synthesis of β-CDP is simple, green, and easy to industrialize. All of these findings indicate that β-CDP, as an ideal multifunctional material, presents potential for practical applications for water treatment and disinfection.

Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Water by Macrocycle‐Containing Covalent Polymer Networks

“…7.9 and ad iameter of approximately 6 . [14] Thec avity of b-CD is relatively hydrophobic and it forms host-guest inclusion complexes with avariety of guests via ac ombination of solvatophobic and van der Waals interactions. [15] Because of its recognition features and av ariety of other favorable physicochemical and biological properties, b-CDs and their analogues have been used across aw ide range of supramolecular chemistry-related applications.…”

“…[9][10][11][12][13] Thei nclusion of macrocycles is also expected to make regeneration of the polymer materials more facile.T his is because macrocyclebased host-guest interactions are often sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions,including pH, light, temperature,p ressure,r edox conditions,a nions,c ations,s olvent, and so on. [9][10][11][12][13] Common macrocycles that have been incorporated into polymeric networks for water purification include cyclodextrins (CDs), [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] calixarenes, [21][22][23][24][25][26] pillararenes, [27][28][29][30][31][32] resorcinarenes, [33][34][35][36][37] and imidazolium macrocycles. [38][39][40][41] On the other hand, other typical macrocycles,i ncluding crown ethers, [42][43][44] cucurbiturils (CBs), [45][46][47] and calix [4]pyrroles (C4Ps,)…”

Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Water by Macrocycle‐Containing Covalent Polymer Networks

“…β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) is a unique cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven α‐1,4‐linked d ‐glucopyranose units, with a cavity depth of ca. 7.9 Å and a diameter of approximately 6 Å [14] . The cavity of β‐CD is relatively hydrophobic and it forms host–guest inclusion complexes with a variety of guests via a combination of solvatophobic and van der Waals interactions [15] .…”

“…This is because macrocycle‐based host–guest interactions are often sensitive to changes in the environmental conditions, including pH, light, temperature, pressure, redox conditions, anions, cations, solvent, and so on [9–13] . Common macrocycles that have been incorporated into polymeric networks for water purification include cyclodextrins (CDs), [14–20] calixarenes, [21–26] pillararenes, [27–32] resorcinarenes, [33–37] and imidazolium macrocycles [38–41] . On the other hand, other typical macrocycles, including crown ethers, [42–44] cucurbiturils (CBs), [45–47] and calix[4]pyrroles (C4Ps,) [48–50] have not yet been widely used in this context.…”

Synthesis of Reusable Cyclodextrin Polymers for Removal of Naphthol and Naphthylamine from Water

“…The feasibility and e ciency of the adsorption process are generally determined by the nature of the adsorbent. The design of new high-performance adsorbents with longer live time are still research interests and technical challenges (Hu et al 2020;Yang et al 2020).…”