Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

Albert, Mohan Dass; Lee, Yu Jen; Ewe, Hong Tat; Chuah, H. T.

doi:10.2528/pier12020205

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…By comparing this model with the measurements by [14] for validation, promising match is observed. In future, this model can be further improved by considering higher order scattering in the surface-volume formulation, considering the advanced IEM (AIEM) [21] in the surface scattering formulation, and considering multilayer in the model development [1].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backscattering Analysis for Snow Remote Sensing Model With Higher Order of Surface-Volume Scattering

Syahali¹,

Ewe²

2016

PIER M

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Abstract-The study of earth terrain in Antarctica is important as this region has a direct impact on global environment and weather condition. There have been many research works in developing remote sensing technologies, as it can be used as an earth observation technique to monitor the polar region [11,15]. In previous studies, remote sensing forward model has been developed to study and understand scattering mechanisms and sensitivity of physical parameters of snow and sea ice. This paper is an extended work from previous studies [16][17][18][19], where an improved theoretical model to study polar region was developed. Multiple-surface scattering, based on an existing integral equation model (IEM) that calculates surface scattering and additional second-order surface-volume scattering, were added in the model from prior research works [7] for improvement in the backscattering calculation. We present herein the application of this model on a snow layer above ground which is modeled as a volume of ice particles that are closely packed and bounded by irregular boundaries above a homogenous half space. The effect of including multiple surface scattering and additional surface-volume scattering up to second order in the backscattering coefficient calculation of snow layer is studied for co-polarized and cross-polarized returns. Comparisons with satellite data are also done for validation. Results show improvement in the total backscattering coefficient for cross-polarized return in the studied range, suggesting that multiple-surface scattering and surface-volume scattering up to second order are important scattering mechanisms in the snow layer and should not be ignored in polar research.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backscattering Analysis for Snow Remote Sensing Model With Higher Order of Surface-Volume Scattering

Syahali¹,

Ewe²

2016

PIER M

Self Cite

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“…The geometrical configuration adopted to solve the wave-scattering problem from the 2-D randomly-rough surface is given in Figure 4, where a rough interface z = h( r ), with r = (x, y), between two homogenous half-spaces, is considered [29][30][31][32]. The time dependence is assumed to be exp(−iω e t).…”

Section: Scattering Field Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

Sun¹,

Min

Wang³

et al. 2013

PIER B

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Abstract-The ship Kelvin-wake models on two-dimensional (2-D) linear and nonlinear sea surfaces are combined with the second-order small-slope approximation method (SSA-II) to comparatively study the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics. The nonlinear sea-surface models include the Choppy Wave Model (CWM) and the second-order Creamer model (Creamer (2)). Considering the limitations of using the ideal plane EM wave incident upon a rough sea surface of the limited size, the modified tapered wave is utilized as the incident wave to derive the scattering waves. Due to the fact that the nonlinear effects of Creamer (2) surfaces is obviously stronger than those of CWM surfaces, the bistatic normalized radar cross section (NRCS) calculated from Creamer (2) surfaces is significantly greater than that of its linear and CWM surfaces for scattering angles departing from the specular direction, and the backscattering coefficients from Creamer (2) surfaces are also the greatest except within quasi-specular (near vertical incidence) region. Moreover, for the linear and nonlinear sea surfaces, the influences of different wind speeds and directions on scattering characteristics are also calculated and analyzed in detail. However, taking the ship Kelvin wakes into account, the corresponding scattering features are obviously distinct from those of the single linear and nonlinear sea surfaces. This helps to provide a basis to extract the related ship information through the scattering characteristics of ship Kelvin wakes. Also it shows that the small-slope approximation method is a very effective analysis method to deal with the EM scattering from the rough sea surface.

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“…In SSA, the geometrical configuration adopted to resolve the wavescattering problem from the 2-D randomly rough surface is given in Figure 3, where we consider a rough interface z = h(r ), with r = (x, y), between two homogenous half-spaces which are defined by their permittivity and permeability [26][27][28]. The time dependence is assumed to be exp (−iωt).…”

Section: Scattering Field Theory Of Rough Surface In Ssamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the random characteristics of the sea surface, the final bistatic NRCS and the backscattering coefficient are calculated as an average, i.e., σ 0 pq = σ 0 pq (27) Each NRCS is obtained over 100 realizations of sea surfaces.…”

Section: Scattering Field Theory Of Rough Surface In Ssamentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Electromagnetic Scattering From Ship Wakes on Pec Sea Surfaces by the Small-Slope Approximation Theory

Sun¹,

Min²,

Wang³

et al. 2012

PIER

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Abstract-Electromagnetic (EM) scattering properties from the ship wakes on the two-dimensional (2-D) perfect electric conductor (PEC) sea surfaces are studied by utilizing the small-slope approximation (SSA) theory. Considering the limitations of using the ideal plane EM wave incident upon a rough sea surface of the limited size, the expressions of the scattered field and scattering amplitude are derived by utilizing the modified tapered incident field. Based on a simplified segmented ocean spectrum model, the bistatic and monostatic normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) from the PEC sea surfaces with and without ship wakes are calculated, respectively. Meanwhile, the variation of scattering coefficient as scattering angles is given and compared under different polarization states. The results show that the scattering from the PEC sea surfaces with ship wakes is evidently different from that without them in bistatic and monostatic scattering. This provides a basis to extract ship wake characteristics. Also it shows that the SSA is a very effective analysis method to deal with the EM scattering from the rough sea surface. Finally, the effect of different tapered factors on backscattering coefficient is discussed, and it is concluded that an artificial reflection from the boundaries and a scattering upwarping from low-grazing incidence can be avoided just when the tapered factor is relatively smaller. This gives the theoretical basis for the analysis of EM scattering characteristics of ship wakes on the PEC sea surface.

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Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Backscattering Analysis for Snow Remote Sensing Model With Higher Order of Surface-Volume Scattering

Backscattering Analysis for Snow Remote Sensing Model With Higher Order of Surface-Volume Scattering

Scattering Analysis for Ship Kelvin Wakes on Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Sea Surfaces

Study of Electromagnetic Scattering From Ship Wakes on Pec Sea Surfaces by the Small-Slope Approximation Theory

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