Multilevel reflectance switching of ultrathin phase-change films

Vermeulen, Paul A.; Yimam, Daniel T.; Loi, Maria Antonietta; Kooi, Bart J.

doi:10.1063/1.5085715

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Only recently have some reports showed active multilevel or analog color tuning with PCMs based on VO2 and GST nanolayers. [7,16,18] As an alternative to VO2 and GSTs, in previous works we have proposed to use bismuth (Bi) nanostructures as the active building blocks of PCMs enabling the tuning of ultraviolet and visible light. [20][21][22] Bi is an outstanding optical material that presents ultraviolet-visible plasmonic properties induced by giant interband transitions in the solid state.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[1] In this context, phase change metamaterials (PCMs) based on compounds such as VO2 or GeSbxTey (GSTs) have been thoroughly considered, because their optical properties can be tuned reversibly via externally triggered phase transitions. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The optical properties of VO2 change upon its monoclinic/tetragonal transition. The tetragonal phase forms upon heating above 65ºC and the monoclinic phase recovers upon cooling below this temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The tetragonal phase forms upon heating above 65ºC and the monoclinic phase recovers upon cooling below this temperature. [2][3][4][5][6][7] This "volatile" character is an asset for optical modulators, polarization controllers, or reconfigurable antennas. However, for applications such as optical data storage, GSTs are preferred because of their "non-volatile" amorphous/crystalline transition.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[8,10,12,15,16,18] Interestingly, although tuning based on a phase transition conveys a binary picture involving an "off" and an "on" state, multilevel and even analog tuning of the optical properties of PCMs were recently reported. [4,6,7,13,14,[16][17][18] This opens the way to photonic devices with outstanding features such as color that can be tuned actively and in an analog manner, or optical data storage with enhanced information density. The fine tuning reported in these works was made possible by triggering the phase transition of a controlled volume fraction of the material, to achieve a controlled proportion of both phases.…”

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Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials

et al. 2020

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Active and analog tuning of the phase of light is needed to boost the switching performance of photonic devices. However, demonstrations of this type of tuning in the pivotal visible spectral region are still scarce. Herein we report active analog tuning of the phase of visible light reflected by a bismuth-based metamaterial, enabled by a reversible solid-liquid transition. This metamaterial, fabricated by a lithography-free approach, consists of twodimensional assemblies of polydisperse plasmonic bismuth nanostructures embedded in a refractory and transparent aluminum oxide matrix. Analog tuning of the phase is achieved by controlled heating of the metamaterial to melt a fraction of the nanostructures. A maximum tuning of 320º (1.8) is observed upon complete melting of the nanostructures at 230ºC. This tuning is reversible by cooling to 25ºC. In addition, it presents a wide hysteretic character due to liquid bismuth undercooling. This enables the phase achieved by this analog approach to remain stable over a broad temperature range upon cooling and until re-solidification occurs around 100ºC. Therefore, bismuth-based metamaterials are appealing for applications including optical data storage with enhanced information density or bistable photonic switching with a tunable "on" state.

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Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials

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“…According to the Fabry–Perot interference, [ 44,47 ] the color‐changing performance of PCM‐based multilayer coatings originates from the dramatic change of the visible reflectance of PCM caused by phase change. Two main factors can affect the reflectance of multilayer display coatings.…”

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Phase Change Materials for Nonvolatile, Solid‐State Reflective Displays: From New Structural Design Rules to Enhanced Color‐Changing Performance

Tao

Wang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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can rapidly convert from amorphous to crystalline states under appropriate electrical/optical/thermal excitation. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] During transformation from amorphous to crystalline states, the chemical bonds and degree of order of PCMs change significantly. [9][10][11][12][13] As a result, their electrical and optical properties also change drastically. [12,[14][15][16] Because of the variability of their electrical properties (mainly resistance), PCMs have been widely used in nonvolatile electric fields, such as highdensity memories. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Because of the variability of their optical properties (mainly optical constants, [9,24,25] reflectivity, [26,27] transmission, [25,28,29] absorption, [30,31] and emissivity [32] ), PCMs been widely applied in nonvolatile photonic applications, such as all-photonic memories, [26,33,34] active absorbers, [35] filters, [25] lenses, [34,36] sensors, [36] displays, etc. [26,27,[37][38][39] Among the above optical applications, the PCM-based solid-state reflective display [27] is a revolutionary display technology. It has many advantages, such as high resolution, rich colors, and fast color switching over traditional technologies, such as electrophoresis and electronic ink display. The PCM-based solid-state reflective display has become the most promising portable display technology.Current research on PCM-based nonvolatile coatings for displays mainly focuses on designing multilayer film structures and improving their color-changing properties. Specifically, the related research can be roughly summarized into three aspects. First, Hosseini et al. [26,27,40] pioneered the new concept of PCMbased "non-volatile displays" in 2014, and then designed and developed Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 -and Ag 3 In 4 Sb 76 Te 17 -based four-layer display coatings with a metal/transparent dielectric/PCM/transparent dielectric structure. These coatings have high resolution, color tunability, and broad color gamut, [10] and thus can be applied to various opaque/transparent and rigid/soft substrates. Second, Cheng et al., [41,42] and Liu, [43] et al. systematically studied the effect of the thicknesses of transparent dielectric layer and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 layer on the color rendering performance of coatings. They extended the color gamut of the coatings by optimizing the thickness of each film. Besides, they developed a Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 -based three-layer film system, which could reduce With the arrival of omnimedia era, there has been an increasing demand for energy-saving, colorful, and portable displays. Traditional display technologies, such as electrophoresis and electronic ink display suffer from low color switching speed and poor color richness. Due to their high performances, phase change materials (PCMs)-based nonvolatile, solid-state reflective display coatings have become the most promising materials for new portable display technology. Existing researches mainly focus on improving the color-changing performance of coatings by optimizing film structural parameters, but ignore...

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Phase Change Material Displays

Broughton¹,

Hosseini²

2022

E‐Paper Displays

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Multilevel reflectance switching of ultrathin phase-change films

Abstract: Design and demonstration of antenna-coupled Schottky diodes in a foundry complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology for electronic detection of far-infrared radiation

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials

Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials

Phase Change Materials for Nonvolatile, Solid‐State Reflective Displays: From New Structural Design Rules to Enhanced Color‐Changing Performance

Phase Change Material Displays

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