Multimaterial 3D laser microprinting using an integrated microfluidic system

Mayer, Frederik; Richter, Stefan; Westhauser, Johann; Blasco, Eva; Barner‐Kowollik, Christopher; Wegener, Martin

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9160

Cited by 148 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Few light‐based methods have been adopted for multimaterial printing as explained below . SLA‐ and DMD‐based optical lithography have been used to print multiple low viscosity resins, and hydrogel‐based materials .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve the fabrication speed, DMD‐SLA was recently combined with a microfluidic device and an air‐jet to achieve automated and quick material exchanges. Recently, a commercial direct laser writing system was combined with a microfluidic chamber to enable 3D multimaterial printing . As compared to the current methods, HLP enables multimaterial printing in additive–additive (CLIP‐CLIP), additive–additive (CLIP‐MPP), and additive–subtractive (CLIP‐MPA) modes (Figure ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Laser Printing of 3D, Multiscale, Multimaterial Hydrogel Structures

Kunwar

Xiong

Zhu

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Fabrication of multiscale, multimaterial 3D structures at high resolution is difficult using current technologies. This is especially significant when working with mechanically weak hydrogels. Here, a new hybrid laser printing (HLP) technology is reported to print complex, multiscale, multimaterial, 3D hydrogel structures with microscale resolution. This technique utilizes sequential additive and subtractive modes of fabrication, that are typically considered as mutually exclusive due to differences in their material processing conditions. Further, compared to current laser writing systems that enforce stringent processing depth limits, HLP is shown to fabricate structures at any depth inside the material. As a proof‐of‐principle, a Mayan pyramid with embedded cube frame is printed using synthetic polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel. Printing of ready‐to‐use open‐well chips with embedded microchannels is also demonstrated using PEGDA and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels for potential applications in biomedical sciences. Next, HLP is used in additive–additive modes to print multiscale 3D structures spanning in size from centimeter to micrometers within minutes, which is followed by printing of 3D, multimaterial, multiscale structures using this technology. Overall, this work demonstrates that HLP's fabrication versatility can potentially offer a unique opportunity for a range of applications in optics and photonics, biomedical sciences, microfluidics, etc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Laser Printing of 3D, Multiscale, Multimaterial Hydrogel Structures

Kunwar

Xiong

Zhu

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Multistep polymerizations, despite being practical in achieving differentiated surfaces, are often time consuming as they involve the replacement of the photoresist which can damage the structures and induce misalignment. Microfluidic systems showed an interesting potential to speed this process by sequential flow of the different resins . DLW in a flowing resin also allows for the rapid preparation of peculiar structures …”

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By combining these methods with the possibility of wavelength selective network formation based on different photoactive moieties, one can imagine to obtain extremely versatile systems for rapid prototyping …”

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

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177

126

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The creation of 3D micro and nanostructures is of particular interest in the fields of photonics, [3] microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), [4] metamaterials, [5] micro/ nanofluidics, [6] cellular proliferation, and differentiation. [7] To create 3D objects of arbitrary shape, 3D printing techniques offer many versatile solutions. [8] Among these, direct laser writing (DLW) allows for the simple preparation of (sub)micrometric objects and patterns with a resolution that can go below 100 nm. [9][10][11] DLW is an additive manufacturing technique based on twophoton polymerization (2PP). To produce a structure, a fs-pulsed long-wavelength laser is focused, by means of optical elements, in a photosensitive resin which is able to crosslink (negative photoresist) or decompose (positive photoresist) under an energetic radiation but that is also transparent at the laser wavelength: if the intensity of the excitation radiation is high enough-as it is the case in the focus-the resin can undergo two (or more)-photon absorption and polymerize (or decompose). [12] Such multiphotons absorption phenomena are nonlinear and the cross-section of the different materials scales with the square (or higher) of the intensity of the radiation. For these reasons, the laser beam can enter the photoresist without being absorbed and trigger the photochemical process(es) only in a small volume around the focus. This volume is named "voxel" being the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel. [13] The absorption probability outside of the voxel is small, thus suppressing the propagation of the reaction and resulting in fine resolution. By moving around the voxel, one can obtain complex 3D structures that can be isolated after developing. [14,15] More than two decades have passed since DLW was proposed [16] and much progress has been made in terms of improving feature size and resolution, [9,[17][18][19][20][21] enlarging the library of materials that can be used, [22][23][24][25] and the possible applications of these finely controlled structures. [6,[25][26][27][28] The research on functional materials-here intended as materials that can be employed in 2PP and show peculiar features that encourage their use in particular applications-has propelled the field of micro/nanostructuring forward by promoting the interdisciplinarity between chemistry, physics, biology, and material science. [26] In this review, we will summarize and critically discuss the different functional materials proposed in the literature, dividing them and confronting them according to their preparation and their application (Figure 1; Table 1). We start the main body discussing the properties and applications of nanocomposite resists used in 2PP. In the second part, Direct laser writing methods based on two-photon polymerization (2PP) are powerful tools for the on-demand printing of precise and complex 3D architectures at the micro and nanometer scale. While much progress was made to increase the resolution and the feature size throughout the years, by carefully designing a material, one...

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“…This will in particular help advance applications that combine flow-focusing and mixing, such as formulating emulsion and multiple emulsion-based materials 62 , active pharmaceutical ingredient nano-particles 63 , or tunable fiber spinning 64 , as well as scaling up their production to exceed liters per hour ranges. Our 3D microfluidics readily combine with additively manufactured micro-and nano-optics 2,65 and multimaterial stereolithography approaches 66 to realize highly integrated and ultracompact optofluidic devices. Operating minimally invasive ultrahigh-throughput single-cell genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis and sorting workflows 67,68 in vivo will therefore become feasible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultracompact 3D microfluidics for time-resolved structural biology

et al. 2020

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To advance microfluidic integration, we present the use of two-photon additive manufacturing to fold 2D channel layouts into compact free-form 3D fluidic circuits with nanometer precision. We demonstrate this technique by tailoring microfluidic nozzles and mixers for time-resolved structural biology at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). We achieve submicron jets with speeds exceeding 160 m s −1 , which allows for the use of megahertz XFEL repetition rates. By integrating an additional orifice, we implement a low consumption flowfocusing nozzle, which is validated by solving a hemoglobin structure. Also, aberration-free in operando X-ray microtomography is introduced to study efficient equivolumetric millisecond mixing in channels with 3D features integrated into the nozzle. Such devices can be printed in minutes by locally adjusting print resolution during fabrication. This technology has the potential to permit ultracompact devices and performance improvements through 3D flow optimization in all fields of microfluidic engineering.

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Multimaterial 3D laser microprinting using an integrated microfluidic system

Abstract: An instrument brings 3D laser printing to a new level, exemplified by 3D fluorescent microstructures composed of five materials.

Cited by 148 publications

References 30 publications

Hybrid Laser Printing of 3D, Multiscale, Multimaterial Hydrogel Structures

Hybrid Laser Printing of 3D, Multiscale, Multimaterial Hydrogel Structures

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Ultracompact 3D microfluidics for time-resolved structural biology

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