“…Microbes do have the capability to promote plant growth and development under abiotic stress condition by enhancing the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, nitrogen fixation, mineral phosphate solubilization and producing key enzymes such as ACC-deaminase, chitinase, and glucanase (Ahmad et al, 2011;Gupta et al, 2013). Microbes have enhanced heavy metal tolerance through transportation across cell membrane, accumulation on cell wall, intra as well as extracellular entrapment, formation of complexes and redox reactions (Nanda et al, 2019). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in mitigating the abiotic stresses through various mechanisms like increased osmotic adjustment, enhanced accumulation of proline, increased glutathione level, down regulation of stress related genes, enhanced synthesis of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, several important inorganic nutrients and expression of stress resistance genes to enhance the defense system (Kubikova et al, 2001;Ouziad et al, 2005;Lim and Kim, 2013;Yooyongwech et al, 2013;Hashem et al, 2018).…”