Multimodal size spectra of submicrometer particles bearing various elements in rural air

Dodd, Jeffrey A.; Ondov, John M.; Tuncel, Gürdal; Dzubay, Thomas G.; Stevens, Robert K.

doi:10.1021/es00017a010

Cited by 64 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In this case, the average trace element composition of each source type is compared to an average reference crustal material and EFs greater than 1 show enrichment of the given element, likely due to a local source. The EF of an element (X) is most commonly calculated relative to the published average composition of Upper Continental Crust (UCC) (Taylor and McLennan, 1995) using Al or Fe as the reference element (R) (Dodd et al, 1991) where EF = [X/R] sample /[X/R] UCC . The EFs of selected elements relative to UCC using Al as the reference element are reported in Fig.…”

Section: Enrichment Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

Upadhyay

Clements

Fraser

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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As part of the Desert Southwest Coarse Particulate Matter Study which characterized the composition of fine and coarse particulate matter in Pinal County, AZ during 2010-2011, several source samples were collected from several different soil types to assist in source apportionment analysis of the study results. Soil types included native desert soils, agricultural soils (crop farming), dirt-road material adjacent to agricultural areas, paved road dusts, dirt road material from within and adjacent to a cattle feedlot, and material from an active cattle feedlot. Following laboratory resuspension of the soil, sizesegregated PM 2.5 and PM 10 fractions for each source type were collected on filters and characterized for mass, ions, OC, EC, and trace elements. While there are unique chemical compositions of soils in the region (e.g., high As and Sb) that reiterate the importance of using local source profiles (e.g., native soils) as compared to Upper Continental Crust or soil profiles from other regions in receptor modeling studies. The study also provides new insights into the impact of land-use modification on source emission profiles. Specifically, high OC and PO 4 3-are found in material representative of local cattle feedlot activities while elevated Cu, Sb and Zn are found from sources impacted by motor vehicle traffic. Results of the study indicate that the local native soil composition is only slightly modified by agricultural activities and this study provides the chemical composition of both native and agricultural soil for source apportionment studies in the Desert Southwest.

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Section: Enrichment Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

Upadhyay

Clements

Fraser

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…In an effort to better constrain the trace elements from vehicular sources, the enrichment factor (EF) relative to the upper continental crust (UCC) has been calculated (Dodd et al, 1991):…”

Section: Oc Ec and Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Brito¹,

Rizzo²,

Herckès

et al. 2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The notable increase in biofuel usage by the road transportation sector in Brazil during recent years has significantly altered the vehicular fuel composition. Consequently, many uncertainties are currently found in particulate matter vehicular emission profiles. In an effort to better characterise the emitted particulate matter, measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were undertaken inside two tunnels located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The tunnels show very distinct fleet profiles: in the Jânio Quadros (JQ) tunnel, the vast majority of the circulating fleet are light duty vehicles (LDVs), fuelled on average with the same amount of ethanol as gasoline. In the Rodoanel (RA) tunnel, the particulate emission is dominated by heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) fuelled with diesel (5 % biodiesel). In the JQ tunnel, PM 2.5 concentration was on average 52 µg m −3 , with the largest contribution of organic mass (OM, 42 %), followed by elemental carbon (EC, 17 %) and crustal elements (13 %). Sulphate accounted for 7 % of PM 2.5 and the sum of other trace elements was 10 %. In the RA tunnel, PM 2.5 was on average 233 µg m −3 , mostly composed of EC (52 %) and OM (39 %). Sulphate, crustal and the trace elements showed a minor contribution with 5 %, 1 %, and 1 %, respectively. The average OC : EC ratio in the JQ tunnel was 1.59 ± 0.09, indicating an important contribution of EC despite the high ethanol fraction in the fuel composition. In the RA tunnel, the OC : EC ratio was 0.49 ± 0.12, consistent with previous measurements of diesel-fuelled HDVs. Besides bulk carbonaceous aerosol measurement, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The sum of the PAHs concentration was 56 ± 5 ng m −3 and 45 ± 9 ng m −3 in the RA and JQ tunnel, respectively. In the JQ tunnel, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) ranged from 0.9 to 6.7 ng m −3 (0.02-0. 1 ‰ of PM 2.5 ) whereas in the RA tunnel BaP ranged from 0.9 to 4.9 ng m −3 (0.004-0. 02 ‰ of PM 2.5 ), indicating an important relative contribution of LDVs emission to atmospheric BaP.Real-time measurements performed in both tunnels provided aerosol size distributions and optical properties. The average particle count yielded 73 000 cm −3 in the JQ tunnel and 366 000 cm −3 in the RA tunnel, with an average diameter of 48 nm in the former and 39 nm in the latter. Aerosol single scattering albedo, calculated from scattering and absorption observations in the JQ tunnel, indicates a value of 0.5 associated with LDVs. Such single scattering albedo is 20-50 % higher than observed in previous tunnel studies, possibly as a result of the large biofuel usage. Given the exceedingly high equivalent black carbon loadings in the RA tunnel, real time light absorption measurements were possible only in the JQ tunnel. Nevertheless, using EC measured from the filters, a single scattering albedo of 0.31 for the RA tunnel has been estimated. The results presented here characterise particulate matter emitted from nearly 1 million vehicles fuelled with a considerable amount of...

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“…Examples include increased hospital admissions due to cardiopulmonary illness (Linn et al, 2000) and degradation in visibility (EPA, 1996), among others. Particle size and composition are the two major characteristics among various aerosol properties that determine the effects (Dodd et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To properly assess the environmental and health effects of aerosol, details of size-fractionated composition are of great importance. Many aerosol studies in terms of mass size distribution and composition focus on either large cities with high levels of pollution such as the Los Angeles Basin (Chow et al, 1996;Hering et al, 1997) or rural areas and desert (Dodd et al, 1991;Turpin et al, 1997) where no significant pollution sources exist. Investigations of mid-scale cities with limited pollution sources, however, are rather rare (Lijteroff et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol Source Sampling in a Mid-scale City, Gainesville, FL

Lundgren

2006

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Five major sources for the ambient aerosol in Gainesville, FL were sampled by using a MicroOrifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) and a University of Washington Mark III Cascade Impactor. The samples were analyzed for carbons and ions. Soil dust, unpaved road dust, cement dust particles and marine aerosols were mainly in the coarse mode, while particles from transportation showed a bi-modal or tri-modal distribution.Carbon in soil dust was mainly organic, while carbon in unpaved road dust was mainly elemental. In transportation aerosols, carbons were mostly found in the ultra-fine range (< 0.18 μm) and were likely from gasoline vehicles. For ionic species, soil dust was rich in Na , and Cl -were the key components in the coarse mode. In the cement dust, Ca 2+ was the dominant species.

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Multimodal size spectra of submicrometer particles bearing various elements in rural air

Cited by 64 publications

References 20 publications

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

Physical–chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area

Aerosol Source Sampling in a Mid-scale City, Gainesville, FL

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