Multimodal urgency coding: auditory, visual, and tactile parameters and their impact on perceived urgency

Baldwin, Carryl L.; Eisert, Jens; Garcia, Andre; Lewis, Bridget A.; Pratt, Stephanie M.; González, Christian

doi:10.3233/wor-2012-0669-3586

Cited by 43 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Urgency mapping has long been used as a method of ensuring appropriate matching between situational urgency and the urgency inherent in a given alert (Hellier & Edworthy, 1999). Urgency mapping has been applied across many domains, though it has increasingly been utilized for automotive alert design (Baldwin et al, 2012;Lewis, Penaranda, Roberts, & Baldwin, 2013;Marshall, Lee, & Austria, 2007;D. Marshall, Lee, & Austria, 2001;McKeown & Isherwood, 2007;Politis, Brewster, & Pollick, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Unambiguous Auditory Crash Warning Systems

Lewis

Eisert

Roberts

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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A series of three studies examined the acoustic characteristics that contribute to a sound being unambiguously perceived as an urgent alarm within a vehicle context. In experiment 1, participants sorted a variety of sounds modeled after sounds currently in use in driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs) into categories indicating highly critical warnings and alerts (or "alarms"), vehicle status sounds, or in vehicle social notifications. Results indicated that four criteria (peak-to-total time ratio, interburst interval, number of harmonics, and base frequency) explained 61% of the variance in categorization. From these criteria, cutoffs were determined and manipulated to create stimuli for an initial validation study. Experiment 2 results indicated that these criteria remained robust even when examined in a larger stimulus set and with different participants. Finally, Experiment 3 investigated rapid categorization under divided attention. Participants categorized alerts while driving in a desktop driving simulator and completing a secondary distracting task. Results indicate that previously defined parameter criteria and cutoffs are applicable in higher context and under load. Furthermore, sounds that met all criteria were responded to more quickly than those which met only some or no criteria, indicating that these criteria can be used to create sounds which are unambiguous and intuitive in an in-vehicle driving context.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Unambiguous Auditory Crash Warning Systems

Lewis

Eisert

Roberts

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…Stimuli consisted of various unimodal and bimodal alerts. Stimuli were sorted into "low" and "high" urgency groups based on ratings from previous experiments (see Baldwin, Eisert, Garcia, Lewis, Pratt & Gonzalez, 2012).…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Max Brake Force as a Measure of Perceived Urgency in a Driving Context

Lewis

Roberts

Baldwin

2013

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Participants drove a simulated vehicle while completing an n-back task of high or low cognitive demand. Concurrently, they responded via brake press to signals presented in either a single modality (auditory, visual or tactile) or a bimodal combination. Participants were asked to indicate the perceived urgency of each signal by adjusting the force applied in their brake response. Signals were designed to be of "high" or "low" urgency based on previous research for both unimodal and bimodal combinations. Participants were capable of subjectively judging perceived urgency independent of response time and responded to bimodal (relative to unimodal) and high (relative to low) urgency stimuli with significantly greater brake force. However, both factors interacted with cognitive demand indicating that the magnitude of these differential responses was reduced under high demand. Implications for warning evaluation in an in-vehicle driving context are discussed.

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“…Previous studies have examined the impact of different acoustic parameters on an auditory signal’s perceived urgency both within (Baldwin, 2011; Baldwin et al, 2012; Baldwin & Lewis, 2014) and outside the context of driving (Edworthy, 1998; Hellier & Edworthy, 1999). Increases in fundamental frequency, the presence of harmonics, and rapid temporal changes increase the perceived urgency of sounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Essential Acoustic Parameters for Highly Urgent In-Vehicle Collision Warnings

2017

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Objective The aim of this study was to validate the importance of key acoustic criteria for use as in-vehicle forward collision warning (FCW) systems. Background Despite recent advances in vehicle safety, automobile crashes remain one of the leading causes of death. As automation allows for more control of noncritical functions by the vehicle, the potential for disengagement and distraction from the driving task also increases. It is, therefore, as important as ever that in-vehicle safety-critical interfaces are intuitive and unambiguous, promoting effective collision avoidance responses upon first exposure even under divided-attention conditions. Method The current study used a driving simulator to assess the effectiveness of two warnings, one that met all essential acoustic parameters, one that met only some essential parameters, and a no-warning control in the context of a lead vehicle-following task in conjunction with a cognitive distractor task and collision event. Results Participants receiving an FCW comprising five essential acoustic components had improved collision avoidance responses relative to a no-warning condition and an FCW missing essential elements on their first exposure. Responses to a consistently good warning (GMU Prime) improved with subsequent exposures, whereas continued exposure to the less optimal FCW (GMU Sub-Prime) resulted in poorer performance even relative to receiving no warning at all. Conclusions This study provides support for previous warning design studies and for the validity of five key acoustic parameters essential for the design of effective in-vehicle FCWs. Application Results from this study have implications for the design of auditory FCWs and in-vehicle display design.

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Multimodal urgency coding: auditory, visual, and tactile parameters and their impact on perceived urgency

Cited by 43 publications

References 12 publications

Designing Unambiguous Auditory Crash Warning Systems

Designing Unambiguous Auditory Crash Warning Systems

Max Brake Force as a Measure of Perceived Urgency in a Driving Context

Validation of Essential Acoustic Parameters for Highly Urgent In-Vehicle Collision Warnings

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