Multiobjective crashworthiness optimization of functionally lateral graded foam-filled tubes

Comparison of functionally-graded structures under multiple loading angles

“…3 shows the stress-strain curve of the tube material via uniaxial test. The constitutive law is based on an elastoplastic material model with von Mises's isotropic plasticity algorithm and plastic hardening [38]. Since the aluminum is insensitive to the strain rate, this strain-rate effect is neglected in the FE model [39].…”

“…Since the aluminum is insensitive to the strain rate, this strain-rate effect is neglected in the FE model [39]. Table 1 Material constants for aluminum foam [38]. The foam material is based on an isotropic uniform material model developed by Deshpande and Fleck [15,18,38].…”

“…Table 1 Material constants for aluminum foam [38]. The foam material is based on an isotropic uniform material model developed by Deshpande and Fleck [15,18,38]. The yield criterion of such a material is defined as follows:…”

Crashworthiness design for foam-filled thin-walled structures with functionally lateral graded thickness sheets

“…In this simulation, the nominal values of σ fail ¼150 MPa and τ fail ¼150 MPa were selected [24]. Sliding is not allowed before the tensile stress and shear stress meet this criterion.…”

How does negative Poisson’s ratio of foam filler affect crashworthiness?

“…Attia et al [19] studied the crushing behavior of density-graded foam-filled columns and showed a 12% increase in specific energy absorption (SEA) of density-graded foam over the uniform foam. More recently, Yin et al [20] investigated the energy absorption characteristics of laterally graded foam-filled tubes. Fang et al [21] explored the design optimization of tube structure filled with FGF for transverse impact.…”