“…A hydraulic retarder is a typical rotor-stator fluid machinery, which consists of a pump (rotor) and a turbine (stator). Lately, the reported studies involving hydraulic retarders still indicated that RANS, such as standard k-ε (Chen et al , 2016; Chunbao et al , 2015), realizable k – ε (Chunbao et al , 2015), renormalization-group k – ε (Liu et al , 2015b) and SST(Mu et al , 2016), played an important role in its internal flow calculation. RANS simulations resulted in failures in rotor-stator fluid machinery applications, particularly those that involved strong curvature, rapid compression or expansion and a strong swirl (Argyropoulos and Markatos, 2015).…”