Multiphase Flow Modeling for Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance

Abstract

Multiphase flow is a central component in all flow assurance strategies in oil and gas production. The risk of plugging of flowlines due to hydrate formation is also one of the most prevailing flow assurance problems in subsea deepwater oil and gas operations. Hence, it is critical to develop a model to account for the inter-coupling of hydrates and multiphase flow. We present a new framework to model the effect of multiphase flow on hydrates and vice-versa. In the current work, we use a two-phase (gas/liquid) hydrodynamic slug flow model and explicitly incorporate hydrates as a third phase. The model is based on fundamental multiphase flow concepts and has the capability of predicting hydrodynamic slug formation and propagation in three-phase flow. The utility of this tool is demonstrated in the modeling of hydrate formation in gas-water and gas-oil-emulsified water systems by comparing the multiphase flow behavior in terms of flow regime, slug length distribution, number of slugs, and slug frequency. For the gas/oil system with emulsified water, we perform a systematic study on the aggregation of hydrate particles and the subsequent viscosification of the slurry, and its impact on the multiphase flow behavior of the system. The results reveal that hydrate formation has a significant effect on the slugging exhibited by the system, suggesting that one may be able to infer hydrate formation from the changes in the flow characteristics. As part of the validation of this model, we have performed an extensive comparison of the two-phase flow regime predictions of our model with available experimental data, as well as with a number of models available in literature. The results show that our model predictions are in good agreement with literature and the prediction accuracy of our model is higher than all the models compared. This establishes our model as a viable multiphase flow modeling tool to predict the flow behavior in oil and gas pipelines. Hence, in this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of the model to perform transient simulations of two-phase and three-phase flow. This is the first step in the development of the model, with the ultimate goal being completely understanding the interdependence of hydrates and multiphase flow, hence enabling flow assurance engineers to develop better hydrate management strategies.

Study on the growth rate of natural gas hydrate in water-in-oil emulsion system using a high-pressure flow loop

“…23 What has been done was to try to simulate these conditions in a laboratory loop and study the hydrate formation. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Turner et al 23 and Lv et al 26 proposed a hydrate formation mechanism, expressed as hydrates forming and growing as shells outside the water droplets entrained in the oil phase, as water-in-oil emulsion. Shi et al 29,30 developed an inward and outward hydrate growth shell model to describe hydrate formation in a water-in-oil emulsion system, which considered the inuences of kinetics as well as mass and heat transfer on hydrate formation.…”

“…They also confirmed that the gas–water flow pattern affected the hydrate formation rate and plugging time apparently in both systems. Joshi et al , 25 Zerpa et al , 34 Hegde et al 35 investigated the hydrate formation process in the multiphase flow system. They founded that the hydrate formation process was affected by factors such as phase interface, pressure, supercooling degree and heat and mass transfer.…”

Effect of Hold Up on the Hydrate Stability Zone

“…Finally, It can be concluded from the study of (Hegde, et al 2014) that the presence of hydrates causes an important change in the slugging behaviour of a system. Hence, in this case too, it is implied that a further research of the interference of hydrate formation and the slugging characteristics of the system is required in order to achieve a better understanding on the effect of hydrates in multiphase flow systems.…”

Rock-Flow Cell: An Innovative Benchtop Testing Tool for Flow Assurance Studies

“…Multiphase flow is the major component in flow assurance studies, as it governs how the phases (gas, liquid, solid) are distributed in the flowline and is the key to capture the thermohydraulic conditions in flowlines. , The essence of multiphase flow is the distribution of the flowing phases that are characterized by the flow regime, such as stratified, stratified-wavy, and slug flow, which are common in oil and gas production systems. Such flow regimes determine how phases are dispersed under a given shear and thus when, where, and how much solid precipitates out when the conditions are appropriate.…”