Multiphonon relaxation of rare earth ions in borate, phosphate, germanate and tellurite glasses

The behavior of Er3+ dopants during crystallization in oxyfluoride silicate glass ceramics

“…It is well known that the upconversion luminescence of rare earth ions is usually baffled by the multi-phonon relaxation. The multi-phonon relaxation of excited rare earth ions through multi-phonon processes depends exponentially on E/hω P , where E is the energy gap from the next level below andhω P is the energy of the maximum lattice vibration of the surrounding host lattice [22,23]. The smaller the lattice vibration energy of the host is, the lower the multi-phonon relaxation probability is [24].…”

Luminescence behavior of Er3+ ions in glass–ceramics containing CaF2 nanocrystals

“…Because there are many metastable energy levels between 4 S 3/2 , 2 H 11/2 levels and the ground state, the upconversion luminescence of Er 3+ ions is usually baffled by the multiphonon relaxation. The multiphonon relaxation probability depends primarily upon the energy gap between two successive levels and the phonon energy of host [24,25]. The lower the phonon energy of host is, the smaller the multiphonon relaxation probability is.…”

Spectroscopic properties of Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped glass ceramics containing BaF2 nanocrystals

“…The upconversion luminescence of Er 3+ ions was usually baffled by the multiphonon relaxation. The multiphonon relaxation probability depended primarily upon the energy gap between two successive levels and the phonon energy of host [11,12]. The lower the phonon energy of host was, the smaller the multiphonon relaxation probability was.…”