Multiphoton-induced X-ray emission and amplification from clusters

Picosecond imaging of low-density plasmas by electron deflectometry

“…Owing to their unique properties, OFI plasmas have gained applications in various fields, such as inertial confinement fusion [1], generation of high-energy ions [2,3], x-ray emission [4,5], and x-ray lasers [6][7][8][9][10]. The parameters of OFI plasmas can be determined by a variety of diagnostic methods.…”

Strong X-Ray Emission from High-Temperature Plasmas Produced by Intense Irradiation of Clusters

“…During and after irradiation, the clusters will expand to produce a system with the radiative and kinetic properties of a bulk low density plasma. The presence of clusters has previously been shown to affect laser absorption on solid targets of porous Au black [8] and result in the emission of x rays from charge states in gas targets far beyond those which could be produced by above-threshold ionization (ATI) [9].…”

Interaction of intense laser pulses with atomic clusters: Measurements of ion emission, simulations and applications

“…Following the first observation of ''anomalous'' X-ray lines from clustered gas targets in the early 1990s [4], many subsequent experimental studies (cited below) have shown that under intense, short pulse irradiation, clusters of size in the range 500-10 6 atoms become a source of bright X-rays, fast electrons (a few keV) and energetic, highly charged ions (up to 1 MeV and 40 þ ). This interaction is distinct from the Coulomb-explosion dominated dynamics observed in clusters at lower intensity, and much more energetic than that of the wellstudied cases of atoms [5][6][7], molecules [8,9] and small (<a few hundred atoms) clusters [10,11] in intense laser fields.…”

“…These include the inner shell excitation model (including coherent electron motion) [4,24,25], the ionisation ignition model [26], Coulomb explosion models [27], particle codes [28,29] and nanoplasma models [15,30,31]. There is not space to review them all.…”

“…The first evidence of highly charged ion production from intense laser-cluster interactions was the observation of ''anomalous'' X-ray emission lines corresponding to highly stripped ions [4]. Strong M-and L-shell emission was observed from Kr and Xe clusters targets, including a component attributed to Kr 9þ .…”