Multiphoton-induced X-ray emission at 4–5 keV from Xe atoms with multiple core vacancies

McPherson, A.; Thompson, B. D.; Borisov, A. B.; Boyer, K.; Rhodes, C. K.

doi:10.1038/370631a0

Cited by 405 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…7 Generally, the gas phase has a density 3 orders lower than those of the liquid or solid, therefore a high pressure gas exhibits preferable density for laser absorption. By that reasoning, a gas puff target is promising in the production of low density plasma and it is possible to adopt into a high repetition laser [8][9][10][11][12][13] by using a high-pressure gas and a specially designed nozzle. This, however, is limited to few elements with the gaseous state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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This review describes and categorizes the synthesis and properties of low density porous materials, which are commonly referred to as foams and are utilized for laser plasma experiments. By focusing a high-power laser on a small target composed of these materials, high energy and density states can be produced. In the past decade or so, various new target fabrication techniques have been developed by many laboratories that use high energy lasers and consequently, many publications and reviews followed these developments. However, the emphasis so far has been on targets that did not utilize low density porous materials. This review therefore, attempts to redress this balance and endeavors to review low density materials used in laser plasma experiments in recent years. The emphasis of this review will be on aspects of low density materials that are of relevance to high energy laser plasma experiments. Aspects of low density materials such as densities, elemental compositions, macroscopic structures, nanostructures, and characterization of these materials will be covered. Also, there will be a brief mention of how these aspects affect the results in laser plasma experiments and the constrictions that these requirements put on the fabrication of low density materials relevant to this field. This review is written from the chemists' point of view to aid physicists and the new comers to this field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The high average x-ray flux gives reason for optimism when it comes to using laser-irradiated clusters as a source for relatively hard x rays ͑Ͼ1 keV͒. Possible application fields are lithography 12 and x-ray microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of laser-irradiated Ar clusters as a source for time-resolved x-ray studies

Larsson

Sjögren

1999

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We have measured the absolute average photon flux, the spectral characteristics, and the time structure of x rays emitted from Ar clusters which were irradiated by a 100 fs laser with an intensity of 10 17 W/cm 2 . The measured photon flux was 10 7 photons per shot in the K ␣ ͑at 3 keV͒ line in a 4 sr solid angle. The temporal structure was measured using a streak camera with a 10 ps time resolution. It was found that less than 1% of the photons were emitted within the 10 ps time-response function of the streak camera. The emission profile is roughly exponential with a time constant of 3 ns.

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“…Such clusters were first discovered by Becker et al [1] in 1956 and were investigated systematically by Hagena [2] . Moreover, such clusters have been used for various applications, such as X-ray generation [3] , energetic ion production [4] , and nuclear fusion [5] , after the invention of intense femtosecond laser systems. In 1999, Ditmire et al demonstrated the deuterium-deuterium (D-D) nuclear fusion in deuterium cluster jets under the irradiation of intense femtosecond laser pulses [5] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Cooling-induced increase of methane cluster size investigated under a Coulomb explosion scheme

Li¹,

Lü²,

Zhang³

et al. 2013

中国光学快报

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In this letter, we discuss the increase in the average cluster size by lowering the stagnation temperature of the methane (CH4) gas. The Coulomb explosion experiments are conducted to estimate the cluster size and the size distribution. The average CH4 cluster sizes Nav of 6 230 and 6 580 are acquired with the source conditions of 30 bars at 240 K and 60 bars at 296 K, respectively. Empirical estimation suggests a five-fold increase in the average size of the CH4 clusters at 240 K compared with that at room temperature under a backing pressure of 30 bars. A strong nonlinear Hagena parameter relation (Γ * ∝ T −3.3 0 ) for the CH4 clusters is revealed. The results may be favorable for the production of large-sized clusters by using gases at low temperature and high back pressures.OCIS codes: 020.2649, 350.5400. doi: 10.3788/COL201311.S20201.Clusters, with van der Waals bonded agglomerations of up to 10 7 atoms, have received considerable attention, and have been investigated because of their density characteristics in internal solid and general gas. Such clusters were first discovered by Becker et al.[1] in 1956 and were investigated systematically by Hagena [2] . Moreover, such clusters have been used for various applications, such as X-ray generation [3] , energetic ion production [4] , and nuclear fusion [5] , after the invention of intense femtosecond laser systems. In 1999, Ditmire et al. demonstrated the deuterium-deuterium (D-D) nuclear fusion in deuterium cluster jets under the irradiation of intense femtosecond laser pulses [5] . Thereafter, intensive studies on laser-cluster interaction have been conducted to generate higher energetic ions and consequently increase fusion neutron yields [6−14] . Theoretical results have revealed the essence of laser-cluster interaction and have proposed the use of heteronuclear clusters, such as deuterated methane (CD 4 ) and heavy water (D 2 O), as targets for generating more energetic light ions compared with homonuclear clusters such as D 2 with the same sizes because of the energetic and kinematic effects [15−18] . The proposal paves the way for future research on the tabletop laser-driven fusion [13,19] , which can provide highflux sources of clean fusion neutrons and short pulse durations. A petawatt-laser-produced [20] fusion neutron source may be of considerable importance to studies on radiation-induced damage on materials, as well as benefit fast neutron radiography, in which the small source size could lead to a high spatial resolution [21] . We have recently demonstrated an efficient fusion neutron generation by using CD 4 clusters under the irradiation of 120-mJ and 60-fs laser pulses [22] . The key factors for generating fusion neutrons includes the energetic deuterons and the density of deuterons inside and around the plasma channel [19,23] . Larger average cluster sizes are required to further increase the average kinetic energy (KE) of exploded deuterons.Gaseous clusters are typically produced through the supersonic expansion of a high backing pressure...

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Multiphoton-induced X-ray emission at 4–5 keV from Xe atoms with multiple core vacancies

Cited by 405 publications

References 11 publications

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

Evaluation of laser-irradiated Ar clusters as a source for time-resolved x-ray studies

Cooling-induced increase of methane cluster size investigated under a Coulomb explosion scheme

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