Multiphoton non-local quantum interference controlled by an undetected photon

Qian, Kaiyi; Wang, Kai; Chen, Leizhen; Hou, Zhaohua; Krenn, Mario; Zhu, Shining; Ma, Xiaosong

doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37228-y

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…As developed in [24,25,[35][36][37], we may represent quantum optical experiments in terms of colored, weighted, undirected multigraphs. This representation can be extended to integrated photonics [38][39][40][41] and entanglement by path identity [26,42,43]. The vertices of the graph represent photon paths to detectors, whereas edges between any two vertices, a and b, indicate correlation between two photon paths.…”

Section: Graphs and Quantum Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep quantum graph dreaming: deciphering neural network insights into quantum experiments

Jaouni,

Arlt,

Ruiz-Gonzalez

et al. 2024

Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol.

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Despite their promise to facilitate new scientific discoveries, the opaqueness of neural networks presents a challenge in interpreting the logic behind their findings. Here, we use a eXplainable-AI (XAI) technique called inception or deep dreaming, which has been invented in machine learning for computer vision. We use this technique to explore what neural networks learn about quantum optics experiments. Our story begins by training deep neural networks on the properties of quantum systems. Once trained, we "invert" the neural network -- effectively asking how it imagines a quantum system with a specific property, and how it would continuously modify the quantum system to change a property. We find that the network can shift the initial distribution of properties of the quantum system, and we can conceptualize the learned strategies of the neural network. Interestingly, we find that, in the first layers, the neural network identifies simple properties, while in the deeper ones, it can identify complex quantum structures and even quantum entanglement. This is in reminiscence of long-understood properties known in computer vision, which we now identify in a complex natural science task. Our approach could be useful in a more interpretable way to develop new advanced AI-based scientific discovery techniques in quantum physics.

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Section: Graphs and Quantum Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep quantum graph dreaming: deciphering neural network insights into quantum experiments

Jaouni,

Arlt,

Ruiz-Gonzalez

et al. 2024

Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The BB assembly index bifurcates, minimal thermodynamic entropy [33] is reached, and the relation (35) provides the second bit on a VS (N 1 = 2). At this moment BB can be assembled in a different number of steps and nature seeks to minimize this number following the dynamics induced by the relation (26). The BH temperature (30) is equal to its entropic work (28)…”

Section: Conjecture 4 P ̸ = Npmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly Theory of Binary Messages

Łukaszyk,

Bieniawski

2024

Preprint

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Using assembly theory, we investigate the assembly pathways of binary strings (bitstrings) of length N formed by joining bits present in the assembly pool and the bitstrings that entered the pool as a result of previous joining operations. We show that the bitstring assembly index is bounded from below by the shortest addition chain for N, and we conjecture about the form of the upper bound. We define the degree of causation for the minimum assembly index and show that for certain N it has regularities that can be used to determine the length of the shortest addition chain for N. We show that a bitstring with the smallest assembly index for N can be assembled by a binary program of length equal to this index if the length of this bitstring is expressible as a product of Fibonacci numbers. The results confirm that four Planck areas provide a minimum information capacity that corresponds to a minimum thermodynamic (Bekenstein-Hawking) entropy. Knowing that the problem of determining the assembly index is at least NP-complete, we conjecture that this problem is NP-complete, while the problem of creating the bitstring so that it would have a predetermined largest assembly index is NP-hard. The proof of this conjecture would imply P ≠ NP, since every computable problem and every computable solution can be encoded as a finite bitstring.

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“…We conjecture that this process is common for all BBOs. Furthermore, the term object as a collection of matter is a misnomer, as it neglects quantum nonlocality [37] that is independent of the entanglement among the particles [38]. Thus we use emphasis for (indistinguishable) particle and (distinguishable) object, as well as for matter and distance.…”

Section: Black Body Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a mass-photon energy equilibrium is an equation with four unknowns. Neither physically meaningful elementary mass (37) nor length (38) is common for real and imaginary dimensions.…”

Section: Complex Energies and Equilibriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Imaginary Universe

Łukaszyk¹

2023

Preprint

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Imaginary dimensions in physics require an imaginary set of base Planck units and some negative parameter $c_n$ corresponding to the speed of light in vacuum $c$. The second, negative fine-structure constant $\alpha_2^{-1} \approx -140.178$ is present in Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene, leading to these imaginary Planck units, and it establishes $c_n \approx -3.06 \times 10^8~\text{[m/s]}$. It follows that electric charges are the same in real and imaginary dimensions. We model neutron stars and white dwarfs, emitting perfect black-body radiation, as objects having energy exceeding their mass-energy equivalence ratios. We define complex energies in terms of real and imaginary Planck units. Their imaginary parts, inaccessible for direct observation, store the excess of these energies. It follows that black holes are fundamentally uncharged, charged micro neutron stars and white dwarfs with masses lower than $5.7275 \times 10^{-10}~[\text{kg}]$ are inaccessible for direct observation, and the radii of white dwarfs' cores are limited to $R_{\text{WD}} < 6.7933~G M_{\text{WD}}/c^2$. It is conjectured that the maximum atomic number $Z=238$. A black-body object is in the equilibrium of complex energies of masses, charges, and photons if its radius $R_\text{eq} \approx 2.7665~G M_{\text{BBO}}/c^2$, which corrects the value of the photon sphere radius $R_{\text{ps}}=3G M/c^2$, by taking into account the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is otherwise neglected in general relativity. Complex Newton’s law of universal gravitation, based on complex energies, leads to the black-body object's surface gravity and the generalized Hawking radiation temperature, which includes its charge. The proposed model explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron stars' mergers without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar objects.

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Multiphoton non-local quantum interference controlled by an undetected photon

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Deep quantum graph dreaming: deciphering neural network insights into quantum experiments

Deep quantum graph dreaming: deciphering neural network insights into quantum experiments

Assembly Theory of Binary Messages

The Imaginary Universe

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