Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR), Plasmid Profiles, and DNA Polymorphisms among Vibrio vulnificus Isolates

Abstract

Sixty strains (n = 60) of Vibrio vulnificus were examined for their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, plasmid profiles, and DNA polymorphisms. Thirty-seven strains (n = 37) were isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) in Malaysia, while 23 (n = 23) isolates were isolated from clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Qatar. All isolates were resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested, with the most common resistances were demonstrated towards penicillin (93%), ampicillin (70%), cephalothin (65%), clindamycin (66%), vancomycin (64%), and erythromycin (51%). The antibiotic that experienced the least resistance was kanamycin (6%), and all isolates were susceptible to cefoperazone, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The MAR index for the V. vulnificus isolated from Malaysia and Qatar, possessed similar values which ranged from 0.2 to 0.7, respectively. Plasmid analysis demonstrated that 65% of V. vulnificus strains harbored plasmids, while 35% were not. Nineteen (P1–P19) plasmids profiles were observed. No specific cluster or group was observed although they were isolated from different sample sources and locations by phylogenetic analysis using GelCompar II software at an 80% similarity level. Results demonstrated the high MAR index and genomic heterogeneity of V. vulnificus, which are of great concern to the human health of those who have consumed cockles and clams from the study area.

Characterization of Resistance in Gram-Negative Urinary Isolates Using Existing and Novel Indicators of Clinical Relevance: A 10-Year Data Analysis

“…In the present study, 10-years' worth of microbiological and resistance data for Gram-negative UTIs in Hungary were assessed, in light of existing and novel resistance classifications [24,28,30]. The surveillance of the etiology and susceptibility patterns in UTIs allow for targeted stewardship interventions in various healthcare facilities [37,[44][45][46].…”

“…As a part of this study, a predictive composite score was also introduced (pMAR), which is an augmented version of the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index described previously [28,29], based on the formula (1) below, where n MDR is the number of MDR isolates in the respective category (e.g., E. coli, Citrobacter-Enterobacter-Serratia), AB MDR is the minimum number of antibiotics needed for the respective bacterial group to become MDR, n all is the number of all isolates in the respective group and AB all is the number of all antibiotics tested. The pMAR value corresponds to the percentage chance (0%-100%) that the isolated pathogen in the present clinical situation will not be treatable by first-line antibiotics, based on local epidemiological characteristics.…”

“…This was highlighted by several reports, where they concluded that an infection with an MDR pathogen alone (without taking into consideration the drugs used for therapy) is not associated with an increased mortality rate, while the use of antibiotics with pronounced toxicities (e.g., colistin in monotherapy or combination therapy) carries a risk of excess mortality [25][26][27]. In the recent years, several novel classification criteria for bacterial resistance were published, with the aim of improving the correlation between resistance data and clinical outcomes: multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index [28,29], usual drug resistance (UDR; a definition created by McDonell et al in 2016, defining resistance which may still be effectively treated with first-line drugs; first used in the context of clinical trials involving novel antibiotics [30,31]) and difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR; a definition created by Kadri et al in 2018, highlighting resistance to first-line antibiotics with low toxicity; first used in the context of Gram-negative bloodstream infections [24]).…”

Genetic diversity and toxic genes analysis of vibrio spp. isolated from white leg shrimp and marine fishes cultured in Tam G iang lagoon in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam

“…In Bangladesh, Ahmmed et al (2019) found tlh, pirA and pirB genes from two AHPND positive V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (15) . The previous studies in Malaysia showed that the most virulent of the non-cholera vibrios (V. vulnificus) have various virulence factors that facilitate the development of clinical disease (16) . V. vulnificus also have been implicated in fish diseases such as septicemia (3) .…”

Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Toxigenic Profile of Vibrio vulnificus Isolated from Aquatic Environments in Taiwan

“…V. vulnificus strains are generally susceptible to most veterinary and clinically used antibiotics [ 2 , 25 ]. However, a large proportion of resistance has been observed in various environmental niches, which are categorized into three levels: a low resistance against cefepime, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and oxalinic acid; an intermediate resistance against aztreonam, streptomycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, penicillin, and gentamycin; and a complete resistance against tobramycin and cefazolin [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Such an increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in various environmental niches is correlated to the extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture, and clinical settings.…”