Multiple co-occurring and persistently detected cyanotoxins and associated cyanobacteria in adjacent California lakes

Oxidative degradation of cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a by FeIII–B*/H2O2

“…1(b)) are members of the cyanotoxin family and have received a lot of attention because of their high toxicity and widespread distribution. [9][10][11] A recent study reports that the concentrations of CYL and ANA from water samples ranged from below detection to 21 μg L −1 and 0.58 μg L −1 , 12 however, the concentrations of CYL and ANA have been reported as high as 202 μg L −1 and 156 μg L −1 in surface waters. 13 A range of removal methods such as coagulation and flocculation, physical adsorption, chemical oxidation and advanced oxidation processes have been used to treat CYL and ANA.…”

Integrative monitoring strategy for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and toxins across the freshwater‐to‐marine continuum

“…Given that persistent low‐level exposure to DA has been demonstrated to have serious health consequences (Hiolski et al, 2014; Lefebvre et al, 2017), dDA measurements are increasingly relevant to routine HAB monitoring programs. Cyanotoxins are also ubiquitous in both freshwater and marine receiving waters and evidence is emerging that dissolved cyanotoxins can contaminate the food web through uptake by bivalves (Bouma‐Gregson, Kudela, et al, 2018; Gibble & Kudela, 2014; Gibble et al, 2016; Howard et al, 2017, 2021; Peacock et al, 2018; Tatters et al, 2021; Miller et al, 2010). Dissolved MCs can be bioconcentrated by shellfish (Gibble et al, 2016) indicating that, even in the dissolved phase, cyanotoxins pose a health risk.…”

“…As with any deployed equipment, vandalism, destruction by debris in flowing systems (e.g., after storms), and fouling by bacteria and sediment can complicate recovery of passive sampling devices or potentially affect the interpretation of recovered toxins. Nonetheless, a combined monitoring approach using SPATT as a complement to water samples has been integrated into many water quality monitoring and assessment studies throughout California as a result of the usefulness of SPATT as a sentinel tool and the ability to capture transient pulses of cyanotoxins (Gibble & Kudela, 2014;Howard et al, 2017Howard et al, , 2021Peacock et al, 2018;Tatters et al, 2019Tatters et al, , 2021.…”

“…Recommendation 3: Multiple toxins should be monitored routinely across the freshwater-to-marine continuum, and cyanotoxins should be included in estuarine and marine monitoring programs Multiple cyanotoxins have been detected from a single sample or location in studies both within and outside the USA, resulting from either co-occurring species or the fact that many species of cyanobacteria can produce multiple toxins (Bouma-Gregson, Olm, et al, 2018;Gkelis & Zaoutsos, 2014;Graham et al, 2010;Howard et al, 2017Howard et al, , 2021Pekar et al, 2016;Sabart et al, 2015;Tatters et al, 2017Tatters et al, , 2019Wiltsie et al, 2018). The relative frequency of co-occurring cyanotoxins is still poorly defined because the number of comprehensive toxin surveys that measures multiple cyanotoxins is limited.…”

“…In California, evidence is mounting that cyanotoxins constitute considerable health risks downstream from their freshwater sources. Cyanotoxins have been detected in a wide array of lentic and lotic ecosystems in California including lakes, reservoirs, depressional wetlands, coastal lagoons, estuaries, streams, and rivers (Bouma‐Gregson, Kudela, et al, 2018; Drake et al, 2010; Fetscher et al, 2015; Graham et al, 2020; Howard et al, 2017, 2021; Izaguirre et al, 2007; Kelly et al, 2019; Kudela, 2011; Loftin, Graham, et al, 2016; Magrann et al, 2015; Tatters et al, 2017, 2019). Additionally, benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations, including several toxin‐producing cyanobacterial species, have been identified throughout California waterways and regionally (Bouma‐Gregson, Kudela, et al, 2018; Bouma‐Gregson, Olm, et al, 2018; Bouma‐Gregson et al, 2019; Fetscher et al, 2015; Kelly et al, 2019; Izaguirre et al, 2007), although understanding of the factors that promote benthic blooms is limited (see review Wood et al, 2020).…”