Multiple-component heart rate responses conditioned under paced respiration.

Headrick, Mary W.; Graham, Frances K.

doi:10.1037/h0026975

Cited by 34 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For analysis of cued trials, heart rate response during the cuing interval was quantified in accordance with prior research that describes a triphasic response (comprising initial decelerative, subsequent accelerative, and second decelerative components) during anticipation and response preparation (e.g., Headrick & Graham, ). In the present study, time windows for each response component were established by visual inspection of the grand mean cardiac waveform, and three separate component indices were quantified by deviating the mean heart rate response during the critical window from the peak of the preceding response (Gatchel & Lang, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escaping aversive exposure

2017

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This research examined human defensive reactivity when exposure to an aversive event could be escaped but not entirely avoided. Prolonged visual cues indicated whether exposure to an upcoming aversive (i.e., disgusting) picture could be terminated after onset (escaped) or not, or that a neutral go signal would appear. Acoustically elicited startle reflexes were measured during each cue interval, as were cardiac and skin conductance activity. Early in the cuing interval, startle reflexes were potentiated during both escape and inescapable exposure trials, compared to the simple motor context. Later in the interval, reflexes remained potentiated for both escapable and inescapable trials, with potentiation further enhanced when aversive exposure could not be escaped compared to when exposure could be escaped. Heart rate deceleration in the cuing interval indicated increased vigilance when preparing any (escape or neutral) action, whereas skin conductance responding indicated enhanced sympathetic action mobilization particularly in an escape context. These data suggest that startle reflexes engaged in an escape context reflect both motor-related response inhibition and aversive potentiation, and they indicate that defensive motivation is engaged whenever aversive exposure is guaranteed, regardless of whether it can be escaped or not.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escaping aversive exposure

2017

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“…Finally, as with the slow cortical response, various components of the heart rate response curves were scored. This procedure has been described previously (Gatchel & Lang, 1973; see also Headrick &Graham, 1969, andHnatiow, 1962).…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that contingent visceral responses occur in the interval between a waming signal and a significant second stimulus. Investigators have described an early response associated with waming stimulus orientation and a second anticipatory process, for the classical conditioning of skin conductance (e.g., Ohman, 1971Ohman, ,1972 and heart rate responses (e.g., Headrick & Graham, 1969), as well as for heart rate change during the reaction time foreperiod (e.g., Connor & Lang, 1969). Recently, researchers have begun to study slow cortical activity during two-stimulus paradigms of comparable interval length (4-^8 sec) (e.g., Klorman, 1975;Loveless & Sanford, 1974;Weerts & Lang, 1973) and have noted a biphasic negative wave with temporal characteristics similar to that of the visceral system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anticipation and Response Set: Cortical, Cardiac, and Electrodermal Correlates

1979

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Three experiments are reported investigating cortical and visceral responding during a twostimulus anticipation paradigm. Male undergraduate volunteers received auditory warning stimuli signalling the presentation of either high or low interest color slides at the end of a 6‐sec foreperiod. A between subject factor, reaction time (RT), was included to assess the effects of a motor response on the anticipatory psychophysiology. Subjects performing the reaction time task produced a two component cortical slow potential with both components larger than under no‐task conditions. The reaction time procedure also prompted larger visceral responses. The slow cortical response proved most sensitive to the “interest” manipulation when attentional demands were maximized.

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“…In contrast to a long-lasting, sympathetically mediated tachycardia observed during aversive contextual conditioning in rats (Nijsen et al, 1998;Roozendaal, Koolhaas, & Bohus, 1991), cue conditioning typically elicits short-latency, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia in humans (Furedy & Poulos, 1976;Headrick & Graham, 1969;Klorman & Ryan, 1980) as well as rabbits (Gallagher, Kapp, McNall, & Pascoe, 1981;Gentile, Jarrell, Teich, McCabe, & Schneiderman, 1986) and rats (Supple & Leaton, 1990), thus providing comparability across species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modeling fear‐conditioned bradycardia in humans

et al. 2016

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Across species, cued fear conditioning is a common experimental paradigm to investigate aversive Pavlovian learning. While fear‐conditioned stimuli (CS+) elicit overt behavior in many mammals, this is not the case in humans. Typically, autonomic nervous system activity is used to quantify fear memory in humans, measured by skin conductance responses (SCR). Here, we investigate whether heart period responses (HPR) evoked by the CS, often observed in humans and small mammals, are suitable to complement SCR as an index of fear memory in humans. We analyze four datasets involving delay and trace conditioning, in which heart beats are identified via electrocardiogram or pulse oximetry, to show that fear‐conditioned heart rate deceleration (bradycardia) is elicited and robustly distinguishes CS+ from CS−. We then develop a psychophysiological model (PsPM) of fear‐conditioned HPR. This PsPM is inverted to yield estimates of autonomic input into the heart. We show that the sensitivity to distinguish CS+ and CS− (predictive validity) is higher for model‐based estimates than peak‐scoring analysis, and compare this with SCR. Our work provides a novel tool to investigate fear memory in humans that allows direct comparison between species.

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Multiple-component heart rate responses conditioned under paced respiration.

Cited by 34 publications

References 16 publications

Escaping aversive exposure

Escaping aversive exposure

Anticipation and Response Set: Cortical, Cardiac, and Electrodermal Correlates

Modeling fear‐conditioned bradycardia in humans

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