Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Mitragynine, the Major Alkaloid of Kratom, in Rats

Abstract

This study reports the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters for mitragynine and characterizes its elimination in male and female rats. Four male and female rats were dosed q12h with 40 mg/kg, and orally administered mitragynine for 5 and 6 days, respectively. Using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, the plasma concentrations of mitragynine, its metabolites (7-hydroxymitragynine, 9-hydroxycorynantheidine, and mitragynine acid), and a non-CYP oxidation product (3-dehydromitragynine) were determined at various time points. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics were observed, with females demonstrating significantly higher systemic exposure of mitragynine than males. The mitragynine area under the curve normalized by the dose interval (AUC/τ) was 6741.6 ± 869.5 h*ng/mL in female rats and 1808.9 ± 191.3 h*ng/mL in males (p < 0.05). Both sexes produced similar metabolite profiles; the major metabolites were mitragynine acid and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine. 7-Hydroxymitragynine was a minor metabolite. However, higher exposure (AUCs) and the maximum plasma concentrations (C max ) of active metabolites, 7-hydroxymitragynine and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine, were observed in female rats and exhibited substantial sex differences. Renal clearance of mitragynine (CL r ) was low (0.64 ± 0.3 mL/h in males and 0.98 ± 0.4 mL/h in females), and unchanged mitragynine accounted for <1% of the dose excreted in feces (both sexes). The clinical chemistry, complete blood count, and hematological test results reported no abnormal hematological findings after multiple dosing in either sex.