Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife

Leroy, Eric M.; Rouquet, Pierre; Formenty, Pierre; Souquière, Sandrine; Kilbourne, Annelisa; Froment, Jean-Marc; Bermejo, Magdalena; Smit, Sheilag; Karesh, William B.; Swanepoel, Robert; Zaki, Sherif R.; Rollin, Pierre E.

doi:10.1126/science.1092528

Cited by 671 publications

(624 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…5). In addition to being important human pathogens, filoviruses have devastated great ape populations in the Congo basin, further harming an already endangered species 6,7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

111

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| The filoviruses -Ebola virus and Marburg virus -cause lethal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Filoviruses present a global health threat both as naturally acquired diseases and as potential agents of bioterrorism. In the recent 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus, the most promising therapies for post-exposure use with demonstrated efficacy in the gold-standard NHP models of filovirus disease were unable to show statistically significant protection in patients infected with Ebola virus. This Review briefly discusses these failures and what has been learned from these experiences, and summarizes the current status of post-exposure medical countermeasures in development, including antibodies, small interfering RNA and small molecules. We outline how our current knowledge could be applied to the identification of novel interventions and ways to use interventions more effectively. R E V I E W SNATURE REVIEWS | DRUG DISCOVERY VOLUME 17 | JUNE 2018 | 413 © 2 0 1 8 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . AstheniaMuscular weakness. MyalgiaMuscular pain. ArthralgiaJoint pain. LeukopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. LymphocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. ThrombocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating thrombocytes, also known as platelets.and Ebolavirus. The Marburgvirus genus contains a single species, Marburg marburgvirus, which contains two members, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). The Ebolavirus genus consists of five distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV; previously termed 'Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus' but more commonly known as 'Ivory Coast ebolavirus') and Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). MARV, RAVV, BDBV, SUDV and EBOV are important human pathogens, with case fatality rates often up to 90% for MARV, RAVV and EBOV, and around 55% for SUDV 8,10 . On the basis of two small outbreaks in 2007 and 2012, BDBV seems to be the least pathogenic, with a case fatality rate of about 40-48% 11,12 . In 1994, TAFV was associated with a number of deaths in chimpanzees and a single symptomatic but non-lethal human infection in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire 13,14 . RESTV is lethal for macaques but is not thought to cause disease in humans 15 . An outbreak of RESTV was reported in pigs in the Philippines in 2008; however, it remains uncertain whether the disease observed in the pigs was caused by RESTV or other agents reported to have co-infected the animals 16 . Clinical manifestationsClinical and laboratory signs of disease caused by filovirus infection are nonspecific and usually associated with an incubation period of 2-21 days (mean 4-10 days) 8,17 . Illness begins with an abrupt onset of fever, astheni...

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“…5). In addition to being important human pathogens, filoviruses have devastated great ape populations in the Congo basin, further harming an already endangered species 6,7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

111

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“…Sequencing of portions of the highly variable glycoprotein (GP) gene from fatal and nonfatal patients at the beginning and end of the Kikwit outbreak found no sequence variation whatsoever (16). In contrast, the recurrent but smaller outbreaks in Gabon were characterized by shorter transmission chains of multiple virus lineages and were epidemiologically and genetically linked to repeated contact with infected nonhuman primates or other mammals scavenged (or hunted) in the nearby forests (18).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During person-to-person transmission, there appears to be little molecular evolution of the virus (3,16). Initial introduction into the human population is often thought to result from contact with infected carcasses of nonhuman primates or other mammals or direct contact with an infected reservoir host (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Despite numerous attempts to identify the natural reservoir(s) of the filoviruses over the past Ն30 years, only recently have bats been implicated as possible reservoirs for the ebolaviruses and marburgviruses (20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Carroll

Towner

Sealy

et al. 2013

J Virol

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158

129

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Viruses in the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus genera (family Filoviridae) have been associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. The first documented cases occurred in primates over 45 years ago, but the amount of virus genetic diversity detected within bat populations, which have recently been identified as potential reservoir hosts, suggests that the filoviruses are much older. Here, detailed Bayesian coalescent phylogenetic analyses are performed on 97 whole-genome sequences, 55 of which are newly reported, to comprehensively examine molecular evolutionary rates and estimate dates of common ancestry for viruses within the family Filoviridae. Molecular evolutionary rates for viruses belonging to different species range from 0.46 ؋ 10 ؊4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year for Sudan ebolavirus to 8.21 ؋ 10 ؊4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year for Reston ebolavirus. Most recent common ancestry can be traced back only within the last 50 years for Reston ebolavirus and Zaire ebolavirus species and suggests that viruses within these species may have undergone recent genetic bottlenecks. Viruses within Marburg marburgvirus and Sudan ebolavirus species can be traced back further and share most recent common ancestors approximately 700 and 850 years before the present, respectively. Examination of the whole family suggests that members of the Filoviridae, including the recently described Lloviu virus, shared a most recent common ancestor approximately 10,000 years ago. These data will be valuable for understanding the evolution of filoviruses in the context of natural history as new reservoir hosts are identified and, further, for determining mechanisms of emergence, pathogenicity, and the ongoing threat to public health.

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“…La voie d'infection des grands singes n'est pas confirmée mais on suspecte le contact direct ou indirect avec une espèce réservoir, sans doute des chauve-souris frugivores, et/ou le contact avec une carcasse animale infectée (Leroy et al 2004(Leroy et al , 2009) ou le contact direct avec d'autres grands singes infectés (Caillaud et al 2006). Au sudouest de l'Ouganda, il est avéré que des chauve-souris frugivores se trouvant à quelques kilomètres de l'habitat des gorilles sont un réservoir du virus de Marburg, un virus très proche (Towner et al 2009 (Formenty et al 1999).…”

Section: Ebolavirusunclassified

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

Gilardi¹,

Gillespie²,

Leendertz³

et al. 2016

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Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife

Cited by 671 publications

References 14 publications

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

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