Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase

Seitz, Christian; Ameres, Stefanie; Schlangen, Karin; Forkmann, G.; Halbwirth, Heidi

doi:10.1007/s00425-015-2293-5

Cited by 50 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Finally, DFR plays a crucial role in production of all three branches of the ABP pathway and was traditionally thought of as a substrate generalist, having the capacity to metabolize precursors to all three branches 118 . However, substrate specificity has evolved in numerous groups of plants, in some cases driven by a single amino acid change 118–121 . We recovered three copies of DFR in the R. speciosa genome, each resolved in three separate clades (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Our finding that only one-half of all reference genomes sampled harbour a copy of this enzyme corroborates observations that blue anthocyanins are less common in plants than are purple, pink, and red cyanidins and pelargonidins that derive from other branches of the ABP pathway. Finally, DFR plays a crucial role in production of all three branches of the ABP pathway and was traditionally thought of as a substrate generalist, having the capacity to metabolize precursors to all three branches 118 . However, substrate specificity has evolved in numerous groups of plants, in some cases driven by a single amino acid change 118–121 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The draft genome ofRuellia speciosa(Beautiful Wild Petunia: Acanthaceae)

Zhuang

Tripp

2017

DNA Res

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The genus Ruellia (Wild Petunias; Acanthaceae) is characterized by an enormous diversity of floral shapes and colours manifested among closely related species. Using Illumina platform, we reconstructed the draft genome of Ruellia speciosa, with a scaffold size of 1,021 Mb (or ∼1.02 Gb) and an N50 size of 17,908 bp, spanning ∼93% of the estimated genome (∼1.1 Gb). The draft assembly predicted 40,124 gene models and phylogenetic analyses of four key enzymes involved in anthocyanin colour production [flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)] found that most angiosperms here sampled harboured at least one copy of F3H, F3′H, and DFR. In contrast, fewer than one-half (but including R. speciosa) harboured a copy of F3′5′H, supporting observations that blue flowers and/or fruits, which this enzyme is required for, are less common among flowering plants. Ka/Ks analyses of duplicated copies of F3′H and DFR in R. speciosa suggested purifying selection in the former but detected evidence of positive selection in the latter. The genome sequence and annotation of R. speciosa represents only one of only four families sequenced in the large and important Asterid clade of flowering plants and, as such, will facilitate extensive future research on this diverse group, particularly with respect to floral evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The draft genome ofRuellia speciosa(Beautiful Wild Petunia: Acanthaceae)

Zhuang

Tripp

2017

DNA Res

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“…The transition of blue-to-red is more common and often involves predictable changes to key enzymes of the ABP, including DFR , F3′H , and F3′5′H (see Discussion above). One such case of red-to-blue flower color transition involves a gene duplication of F3′H and neofunctionalization to regain the role of F3′5′H in Asteraceae [92, 93]. A similar gene duplication event is not found when the gene trees are examined for F3′H and F3′5′H (Additional file 7), suggesting that changes in gene expression are more likely involved in a red-to-blue color transition in Achimenes .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative transcriptome analyses of flower development in four species of Achimenes (Gesneriaceae)

Roberts

Roalson

2017

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundFlowers have an amazingly diverse display of colors and shapes, and these characteristics often vary significantly among closely related species. The evolution of diverse floral form can be thought of as an adaptive response to pollination and reproduction, but it can also be seen through the lens of morphological and developmental constraints. To explore these interactions, we use RNA-seq across species and development to investigate gene expression and sequence evolution as they relate to the evolution of the diverse flowers in a group of Neotropical plants native to Mexico—magic flowers (Achimenes, Gesneriaceae).ResultsThe assembled transcriptomes contain between 29,000 and 42,000 genes expressed during development. We combine sequence orthology and coexpression clustering with analyses of protein evolution to identify candidate genes for roles in floral form evolution. Over 25% of transcripts captured were distinctive to Achimenes and overrepresented by genes involved in transcription factor activity. Using a model-based clustering approach we find dynamic, temporal patterns of gene expression among species. Selection tests provide evidence of positive selection in several genes with roles in pigment production, flowering time, and morphology. Combining these approaches to explore genes related to flower color and flower shape, we find distinct patterns that correspond to transitions of floral form among Achimenes species.ConclusionsThe floral transcriptomes developed from four species of Achimenes provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the evolution of diverse floral form among closely related species with different pollinators. We identified several candidate genes that will serve as an important and useful resource for future research. High conservation of sequence structure, patterns of gene coexpression, and detection of positive selection acting on few genes suggests that large phenotypic differences in floral form may be caused by genetic differences in a small set of genes. Our characterized floral transcriptomes provided here should facilitate further analyses into the genomics of flower development and the mechanisms underlying the evolution of diverse flowers in Achimenes and other Neotropical Gesneriaceae.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3623-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…For example, the enzyme responsible for flavanone biosynthesis (flavonone synthase, FNS) in Apiaceae was recruited from the 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase (ODD) gene family while in other plant families, the FNS enzyme is encoded by a gene belonging to the cytochrome P450 family (Leonard et al., ). Similarly, enzymes with flavonoid 3′,5′‐hydroxylase activity have evolved at least four times independently from flavonoid 3′‐hydroxylase genes within the P450 gene family (Seitz et al., , ). Nonetheless, the mutations underlying these functional shifts and the possibility that they themselves are convergent, have only begun to be investigated (e.g., Seitz et al., ).…”

Section: Genetic Mechanisms Of Biochemical Diversificationmentioning

confidence: 99%