Multiple evolutionary origins of sequestrate species in the agaricoid genus Chlorophyllum

Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis

“…Hypogeous fungi, a special case of gasteroid forms, were hypothesized to be an endpoint of the fungal body plan, where new selection pressures (e.g., for the production of volatiles) appeared due to the transition to a below-ground growth mode (82,83). Detailed phylogenetic studies highlighted that even in a short time and at small taxonomic scales, the gasteroid/secotioid forms and hypogeous lifestyle emerged convergently many times from within pileate-stipitate species (84)(85)(86)(87)(88). Gasteroid lineages are of various ages and their age correlates with their morphological similarity to plesiomorphic pileatestipitate forms.…”

“…Gasteroid lineages are of various ages and their age correlates with their morphological similarity to plesiomorphic pileatestipitate forms. For example, the genus Lycoperdon is nested within an old, predominantly gasteroid lineage (Lycoderaceae) and shows hardly any similarity to agaricoid mushrooms, whereas the not too distantly related genus Endoptychum is much younger, is nested within Chlorophyllum (and is now classified as part of it), and bears a strong resemblance to pileatestipitate forms (86). There are several examples of multiple origins of secotioid or gasteroid fungi within an individual pileate-stipitate genus.…”

Asperosporus subterraneus, a new genus and species of sequestrate Agaricaceae found in Florida nursery production

“…Chlorophyllum is a diverse genus that contains several taxa that are sequestrate and stain upon handling as well as taxa that are associated with disturbed, nutrient-rich landscapes (Vellinga 2004a, Ge et al 2018 ). Recently, more species of sequestrate Chlorophyllum have been discovered, such as C. lusitanicum ( Carlavilla et al 2018 ) and C. levantinum ( Loizides et al . 2020 ).…”

Introducing a new member of the genus Chlorophyllum: Chlorophyllum sapukai sp. nov., and new records from Paraguay

“…Scientific names of species and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences included in the multigene analyses are listed in Table S1. Sampling was based on the most recent and extensive works regarding the genus (Ge et al 2018;Dutta et al 2020;Loizides et al 2020;Sysouphanthong et al 2021) (Table S1). Leucoagaricus barssii and Leucoagaricus nympharum were selected as outgroup (Vellinga et al 2003).…”

“…Massee. The genus comprises a morphologically diverse group that includes species with agaricoid, secotioid, and gasteroid forms; the presence of a smooth stipe, a hymenidermal pileus covering (in agaricoid species) and green-brown or white, hyaline basidiospores with a germ pore usually present (Vellinga 2002(Vellinga , 2003Vellinga & De Kok, 2002;Loizides et al 2020). The number of documented species of Chlorophyllum increased during the last decade from 16 (Kirk et al 2011) to 28 currently accepted species due to the use of molecular tools (Crous et al 2015;Ge et al 2018;Dutta et al 2020).…”