Multiple external representations for executive functions: a systematic mapping study

Abstract

The use of multiple external representations (MER) in the empowerment of executive functions (EF) was identified and characterized through a systematic mapping. EF are part of the human learning triad, contributing to the development of complex executive skills. Learners may have difficulty developing EF, and can benefit from MER. Data from 18 articles were extracted. Most MER systems used two external representations, verbal-textual and visual-graphical, through desktop applications. In relation to EF, the most considered component was working memory. We identified the need for further research that considers the effects of MERs on cognitive flexibility and inhibition, and the impact of mobile devices to the exhibition of MERs.