“…In addition, an individual-based approach is also necessary to fully understand the ecological processes that may constrain the ability of wild populations to cope with urbanization (Gil and Brumm, 2014). Several studies have for instance demonstrated that living in an urban environment is associated with phenotypical changes in vertebrates (e.g., body size: Bókony et al, 2012;Meillère et al, 2017, secondary sexual signals: Fuller et al, 2007Giraudeau et al, 2015, stress physiology: Bonier, 2012, immunity: Audet et al, 2015. Moreover, a large number of studies have also shown that urbanization affects reproductive performances, such as phenology or the number of young produced (Both et al, 2004;Chamberlain et al, 2009;Ausprey and Rodewald, 2011;Stracey and Robinson, 2012;Deviche and Davies, 2014;Møller et al, 2015).…”