Multiple infections of Anaplasma platys variants in Philippine dogs

Ybañez, Adrian P.; Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D.; Yokoyama, Naoki; Inokuma, Hisashi

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.1456-1460

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Interestingly most genotypes differing in just one nucleotide were found in cattle, goat or blood-fed mosquitoes in China, but the Candidatus Anaplasma camelii genotype was not found in China. However, the largest diversity of similar genotypes was found in Asia (China, Philippines, Malaysia), and the same is the case with A. platys which differs only by one nucleotide [10,33,34,53,54]. The occurrence of identical genotypes in Iran, Bangladesh and Malaysia might suggest that Candidatus Anaplasma camelii did not originate in camels in the Middle East but in Eastern Asia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review

Sazmand

Harl

Eigner

et al. 2019

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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A B S T R A C TDespite close association between camels and humans, molecular based studies on vector-borne pathogens infecting camels are scarce compared to other animals in Iran. The current study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne bacteria in the blood of dromedaries by molecular tools. A total of 200 peripheral blood samples were collected from apparently healthy animals. Microscopic examination was performed on Giemsa-stained blood smears, and drops of blood were spotted on Whatman FTA ® cards for molecular analyses. Genomic DNA was extracted from the cards, and PCR amplification followed by sequencing of positive samples was carried out for the detection of Anaplasmataceae, spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, Bartonella spp. and Borrelia spp. Intra-cytic forms of any blood pathogens could not be detected by light microscopy. PCR results revealed 30 animals (15%) to be infected with Anaplasmataceae bacteria. Analyses of sequences revealed a strain of Anaplasma sp. identical to Candidatus Anaplasma camelii isolated from camels, cattle and deer in Asia and Africa. Neither SFG rickettsiae, nor Borrelia or Bartonella species were found. Further studies for determining epidemiological role of camels and its zoonotic potential are recommended. This paper reviews the current knowledge on camels' tickborne bacteria including microscopy, serology and molecular studies.confirmed by DNA sequencing in camels are Candidatus Anaplasma camelii (genetically close to A. platys), A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Clinical signs of natural infections are described as fever, pale and icteric conjunctiva suggestive of anaemia, dullness, anorexia, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, emaciation, coughing, lacrimation, rough hair coat, abortion, and/or infertility [7,19]. Intramuscular administration of oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg as specific therapy and injectable B-complex, iron, folic acid and hydroxycobalamin as supportive therapy is the recommended therapeutic regimen [7,19]. Infection with and antibodies against several species of Rickettsia [20,21], as well as infection with Bartonella [22] and Borrelia [23,24] have been also documented.According to official estimates, around 183,900 camels live in Iran [25]. Given the growing scientific and public health interest in camels, we investigated the occurrence of selected vector-borne bacteria;https://doi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review

Sazmand

Harl

Eigner

et al. 2019

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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“…Previous studies in Algeria [2], Senegal [27] and Tunisia [28] similarly reported this pathogen in cattle. Yang et al [29] suggested a possibility of domestic ruminants acting as alternative hosts or reservoirs for A. platys which is typically a canine pathogen [30]. Therefore, the detection of this pathogen in cattle raises questions of host specificity as earlier speculated [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zobba et al [ 9 ] noted that several domestic ruminants can harbor a number of strains of A. platys although these strains have different cell tropism compared to those infecting dogs. The ruminant strains infect neutrophils and are thought to be the ancestral pathogens that evolved to adopt to the canine platelets instead [ 9 , 30 ]. We think that infection with A. platys may be associated with co-existence of dogs and cattle in the same households, a common practice observed in the dairy farms in peri-urban Nairobi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular prevalence of emerging Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in apparently healthy dairy cattle in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya

et al. 2020

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Background Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species are tick-borne pathogens of both veterinary and public health importance. The current status of these pathogens, including emerging species such as Ehrlichia minasensis and Anaplasma platys, infecting cattle in Kenya, remain unclear, mainly because of limitation in the diagnostic techniques. Therefore, we investigated the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species infecting dairy cattle in Nairobi, Kenya using molecular methods. Results A total of 306 whole blood samples were collected from apparently healthy dairy cattle. Whole blood DNA was extracted and tested for presence of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia DNA through amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. Sequence identity was confirmed using BLASTn analysis while phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to determine the genetic relationship between the Kenyan isolates and other annotated genotypes available in GenBank. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species were detected in 19.9 and 3.3% of all the samples analyzed, respectively. BLASTn analysis of the sequences against non-redundant GenBank nucleotide database revealed infections with A. platys (44.8%), A. marginale (31%) and A. bovis (13.8%). All four sequenced Ehrlichia spp. were similar to Ehrlichia minasensis. Nucleotide polymorphism was observed for A. platys, A. bovis and E. minasensis. The Anaplasma species clustered in four distinct phylogenetic clades including A. marginale, A. platys, A. bovis and some unidentified Anaplasma spp. The Kenyan Ehrlichia minasensis clustered in the same clade with isolates from America and Australia but distant from E. ruminantium. Conclusion This study provides the first report of infection of dairy cattle in Kenya with A. platys and E. minasensis, which are emerging pathogens. We conclude that cattle in peri-urban Nairobi are infected with various species of Anaplasma and E. minasensis. To understand the extent of these infections in other parts of the country, large-scale screening studies as well as vector identification is necessary to inform strategic control.

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“…Thus, the Swiss national center for tick-borne diseases sequentially tested the same 8'000 batch of ticks for the presence of the agent of tick-borne encephalitis [32], for chlamydiae [13] as well as Anaplasma and Coxiella (Pilloux et al, unpublished). Not only different pathogen species were found coinfecting ticks and hosts, but also coinfections with multiple strains of the same pathogen have been reported [33,34]. Detection of coinfections can be achieved following standard PCR or more demanding technologies such as microfluidic highthroughput real-time PCR.…”

Section: Why Coinfections Are Important?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne pathogen detection: what's new?

Cabezas-Cruz

Vayssier‐Taussat

Greub

2018

Microbes and Infection

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Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Traditionally, tick-borne pathogen detection has been carried out using PCR-based methods that rely in known sequences for specific primers design. This approach matches with the view of a 'single-pathogen' epidemiology. Recent results, however, have stressed the importance of coinfections in pathogen ecology and evolution with impact in pathogen transmission and disease severity. New approaches, including high-throughput technologies, were then used to detect multiple pathogens, but they all need a priori information on the pathogens to search. Thus, those approaches are biased, limited and conceal the complexity of pathogen ecology. Currently, next generation sequencing (NGS) is applied to tick-borne pathogen detection as well as to study the interactions between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms associated to ticks, the pathobiome. The use of NGS technologies have surfaced two major points: (i) ticks are associated to complex microbial communities and (ii) the relation between pathogens and microbiota is bidirectional. Notably, a new challenge emerges from NGS experiments, data analysis. Discovering associations among a high number of microorganisms is not trivial and therefore most current NGS studies report lists of microorganisms without further insights. An alternative to this is the combination of NGS with analytical tools such as network analysis to unravel the structure of microbial communities associated to ticks in different ecosystems.

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Multiple infections of Anaplasma platys variants in Philippine dogs

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review

Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review

Molecular prevalence of emerging Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in apparently healthy dairy cattle in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya

Tick-borne pathogen detection: what's new?

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