Multiple paedomorphic lineages of soft-substrate burrowing invertebrates: parallels in the origin of Xenocratena and Xenoturbella

Martynov, Alexander; Lundin, Kennet; Picton, Bernard; Fletcher, K. C.; Malmberg, Klas; Korshunova, Tatiana

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227173

Cited by 22 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…In this context,the results of Goodheart and colleagues [18] are quite noteworthy, because in their study, Unidentiidae is the sister taxon of Embletonia and the clade Embletonia + Unidentiidae is sister to all remaining Fionoidea. Results by Martynov and colleagues [53] suggest a sister group relationship to other aeolidacean families, which is incompatible with our results (see below).…”

Section: And Supplementary Table S11 Additional File 2) Arminoidea Andcontrasting

confidence: 97%

“…1, Supplementary Table S11 Within Aeolidioidea, the families Myrrhinidae and Aeolidiidae form a monophyletic sister group relationship in our study, thus confirming the results of [28] and [18]. This is also consistent with recent morphological and molecular analyses [53].…”

Section: And Supplementary Table S11 Additional File 2) Arminoidea Andsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Morphological analyses of important characters, like the positions of the anus, jaws, and radula also contradict both relationships discussed above with apomorphic features lacking for both hypotheses [53]. Instead, Embletoniidae shows an uniserial radula with central teeth more similar to various aeolidids.…”

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The authors explain this atypical situation with a loss of characters or as constituting a transitional form in the evolution of the cnidosac. Most recently, Martynov and colleagues [53] provided evidence for paedomorphic processes, which would explain a regressive evolution within Embletoniidae. This phenomenon is quite common in various unrelated taxa inhabiting soft-bottom interstitial environments.…”

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few studies addressed the phylogenetic relationship of Embletoniidae using molecular data [18,24,53]. Bleidissel [24] focussed on Aeolidida and included Embletonia, because of its putative assignment to this group.…”

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genusEmbletonia

Karmeinski

Meusemann

Goodheart

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Cladobranch sea slugs represent roughly half of the biodiversity of soft-bodied, marine gastropod molluscs (Nudibranchia) on the planet. Despite their global distribution from shallow waters to the deep sea, from tropical into polar seas, and their important role in marine ecosystems and for humans (as bioindicators and providers of medical drug leads), the evolutionary history of cladobranch sea slugs is not yet fully understood. Here, we amplify the current knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships by extending the cladobranch and outgroup taxon sampling using transcriptome data. Results: We generated new transcriptome data for 19 species of cladobranch sea slugs and two additional outgroup taxa. We complemented our taxon sampling with previously published transcriptome data, resulting in a final supermatrix covering 56 species from all but one accepted cladobranch superfamilies. Transcriptome assembly using six different assemblers, selection of those assemblies providing the largest amount of potentially phylogenetically informative sites, and quality-driven compilation of data sets resulted in three different supermatrices: one with a full coverage of genes per species (446 single-copy protein-coding genes) and two with a less stringent coverage (667 genes with 98.9% partition coverage and 1,767 genes with 86% partition coverage, respectively). We used these supermatrices to infer statistically robust maximum-likelihood trees. All analyses, irrespective of the data set, indicate maximum statistical support for all major splits and phylogenetic relationships on family level. The only discordance between the inferred trees is the position of Embletonia pulchra. Extensive testing using Four-cluster Likelihood Mapping, Approximately Unbiased tests, and Quartet Scores revealed that its position is not due to any informative phylogenetic signal, but caused by confounding signal. Conclusions: Our data matrices and the inferred trees inferred can serve as a solid foundation for future work on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of Cladobranchia. The correct placement of E. pulchra, however, proves challenging, even with large data sets. Moreover, quartet mapping shows that confounding signal present in the data is sufficient to explain the inferred position of E. pulchra, again leaving its phylogenetic position as an enigma.

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Section: And Supplementary Table S11 Additional File 2) Arminoidea Andcontrasting

confidence: 97%

Section: And Supplementary Table S11 Additional File 2) Arminoidea Andsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Phylogenetic Position Of Embletoniidae Remains Ambiguousmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genusEmbletonia

Karmeinski

Meusemann

Goodheart

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Evolution of Bilateria from a Meiofauna Perspective—Miniaturization in the Focus

Worsaae

Vinther

Sørensen

2023

New Horizons in Meiobenthos Research

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Pedomorphosis

Shea

2024

Reference Module in Life Sciences

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Multiple paedomorphic lineages of soft-substrate burrowing invertebrates: parallels in the origin of Xenocratena and Xenoturbella

Cited by 22 publications

References 104 publications

Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genusEmbletonia

Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genusEmbletonia

Evolution of Bilateria from a Meiofauna Perspective—Miniaturization in the Focus

Pedomorphosis

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