Multiple regulation and targeting effects of borneol in the neurovascular unit in neurodegenerative diseases

Abstract

Efficient delivery of brain‐targeted drugs is highly important for the success of therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Borneol has several biological activities, such as anti‐inflammatory and cell penetration enhancing effect, and can regulate processes in the neurovascular unit (NVU), such as protein toxic stress, autophagosome/lysosomal system, oxidative stress, programmed cell death and neuroinflammation. However, the influence of borneol on NVU in neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully explained. This study searched the keywords ‘borneol’, ‘neurovascular unit’, ‘endothelial cell’, ‘astrocyte’, ‘neuron’, ‘blood–brain barrier’, ‘neurodegenerative diseases’ and ‘brain disease’ in PubMed, BioMed Central, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Bing search engines to explore the influence of borneol on NVU. In addition to the principle and mechanism of penetration of borneol in the brain, this study also showed its multiple regulation effects on NVU. Borneol was able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), affecting the signal transmission between BBB and the microenvironment of the brain, downregulating the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress proteins in NVU, especially in microglia and astrocytes. In summary, borneol is a potential drug delivery agent for drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Repression of Virulence Gene Transcription and Biofilm Formation as Antibacterial Action of <em>Cinnamomum burmannii</em> Essential Oil on <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>

“…In this work, 37 volatile compositions were identified in C. burmannii leaf essential oil (CBLEO) (Table 1), of which many compounds and their contents were different from those reported for other Cinnamomum species (such as C. pauciflorum, C. zeylanicum, and C. camphora) [26,37,43], indicating a difference in volatile profiling and its contents among different Cinnamomum species. It was also noted that most of our detected volatile compounds have been shown to have high antimicrobial activity, especially some major constituents, such as borneol (28.31%) [44][45][46], D-limonene (7.44%) [5,6,47,48], α-pinene (3.96%) [49], β-Caryophyllene (3.71%) [4,48,50], and α-terpineol (3.15%) [36]. Combined with the good inhibitory effect of CBLEO on all tested foodborne pathogens (Table 2), it seems certain that these chemical compositions may be a potential of CBLEO to control pathogens.…”

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Repression of Virulence Gene Transcription and Biofilm Formation as Antibacterial Action of Cinnamomum burmannii Essential Oil on Staphylococcus aureus

“…In this work, 37 volatile compositions were identified in C. burmannii leaf essential oil (CBLEO) ( Table 1 ), of which many compounds and their contents were different from those reported for other Cinnamomum species (such as C. pauciflorum , C. zeylanicum , and C. camphora ) [ 26 , 37 , 43 ], indicating a difference in volatile profiling and its contents among different Cinnamomum species. It was also noted that most of our detected volatile compounds have been shown to have high antimicrobial activity, especially some major constituents, such as borneol (28.31%) [ 44 , 45 , 46 ], D-limonene (7.44%) [ 5 , 6 , 47 , 48 ], α-pinene (3.96%) [ 49 ], β-Caryophyllene (3.71%) [ 4 , 48 , 50 ], and α-terpineol (3.15%) [ 36 ]. Combined with the good inhibitory effect of CBLEO on all tested foodborne pathogens ( Table 2 ), it seems certain that these chemical compositions may be a potential of CBLEO to control pathogens.…”

“…Combined with the good inhibitory effect of CBLEO on all tested foodborne pathogens ( Table 2 ), it seems certain that these chemical compositions may be a potential of CBLEO to control pathogens. Several studies have indicated that borneol shows several pharmacological activities including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [ 45 , 46 ]. Our finding of borneol (28.31%) as the richest compound of CBLEO ( Table 1 ) that was higher than that for C. burmannii , C. zeylanicum , C. camphora , C. pauciflorum , and C. tamala (0.81–11.95%) [ 34 , 37 , 43 , 51 , 52 ] revealed that it may be the most promising antibacterial agent.…”

(+)-Borneol Protects Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mice: A Study of Dopamine Level using In Vivo Brain Microdialysis

“…(+)-Borneol, a plant-sourced terpenoid, has been used as an aromatic orifice-opening agent in traditional Chinese medicine for about 1500 years . (+)-Borneol with low molecular weight rapidly distributes to the brain and regulates the levels of neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. , The elimination half-time of (+)-borneol in the brain is 1.44 ± 0.27 h . Previous studies have shown that (+)-borneol is neuroprotective against permanent cerebral ischemia in rats by suppressing production of proinflammatory cytokines .…”