Multiple Resistances Against Formulated Organophosphates, Pyrethroids, and Newer-Chemistry Insecticides in Populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan

Abstract

Field populations of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner from 15 localities across the Punjab, Pakistan, were assessed by the leaf dip method for resistance against formulated organophosphates, pyrethroids, and newer insecticide groups. Resistance levels in H. armigera have been incrementally increasing for organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides after decades of use in Pakistan. Resistance ratios (RRs) documented for organophosphates were 24- to 116-fold for profenofos and 22- to 87-fold for chlorpyrifos. For pyrethroids, RRs were 3- to 69-fold for cypermethrin and 3- to 27-fold for deltamethrin. Resistance levels against newer chemistries were 2- to 24-fold for chlorfenapyr, 1- to 22-fold for spinosad, 1- to 20-fold for indoxacarb, 1- to 18-fold for abamectin, and 1- to 16-fold for emamectin benzoate. Resistant populations of H. armigera were mainly in the southern part of the Punjab, Pakistan. The most resistant populations were collected from Pakpattan, Multan, and Muzzafargarh. Of the nine insecticides tested, LC50 and LC90 values were lower for newer insecticide groups; resistance levels were moderate to very high against organophosphates, very low to high against pyrethroids, and very low to low against the newer-chemistry insecticides. These findings suggest that the newer-chemistry insecticides with different modes of action could be included in insecticide rotations or replace the older insecticides. Supplementing the use of synthetic insecticides with safer alternatives could help to successfully lower the farmer's reliance on insecticides and the incidence of resistance due to repeated use of insecticides against major insect pests.

Biology and fertility life table of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in different hosts

“…In 2013, the presence of caterpillars of H. armigera feeding on different crops and weeds was corroborated in some Brazilian states (Czepak et al 2013), causing a decrease of up to 80% in the yield of cotton and significant losses in soybean and corn, which made it necessary to increase the application of insecticides for its control, with the consequent impact on the cost of production of such crops (Leite et al 2014). In addition, this pest has also been shown to increase its resistance to chemical insecticides (Qayyum et al 2015). The presence of this species was also confirmed by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA 2014).…”

“…In addition, this pest has also been shown to increase its resistance to chemical insecticides (Qayyum et al . ). The presence of this species was also confirmed by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA ).…”

Pathogenicity of indigenous soil isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis to Helicoverpa armigera Hübner 1809 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…The present study assessed the toxicity of local soil isolates of Bt against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a notorious pest of cotton, maize, gram, okra, sesame, and other crops in Indo-Pak region (Bibi et al 2013;Qayyum et al 2015). Moreover, as the sporulation of Bt has been found enhanced in the presence of certain inorganic ions particularly chlorides of Ca and Mg (Tabbene et al 2009;Bibi et al 2013), isolates of Bt toxins and spores were treated with MgCl 2 salt.…”

Resistance of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens to nitenpyram: Cross-resistance patterns, mechanism, stability, and realized heritability

“…However, due to excessive spray of insecticides, the evolution of resistance by insect pests is a major threat to crop safety and disease transmission [14,19]. Resistance to insecticides has been reported in many agriculturally and medically important insect pests from [20][21][22][23][24], challenging the chemical control for the management of these pests. Moreover, misuse of pesticides has produced pesticide residues in food chain, disappearance of wildlife and resurgence of several secondary pests [25].…”