Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival

Abstract

As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.

25-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in L929 Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line

“…25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by the catalytic reaction of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), which is an enzyme that adds a hydroxyl group at the 25-carbone of cholesterol ( Figure 1 ) [ 16 ]. Recent studies have reported the multifunction of 25-HC in lipid metabolism, antiviral processes, inflammatory response, cell survival, and even apoptosis [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

“…25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by the catalytic reaction of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), which is an enzyme that adds a hydroxyl group at the 25-carbone of cholesterol ( Figure 1 ) [ 16 ]. Recent studies have reported the multifunction of 25-HC in lipid metabolism, antiviral processes, inflammatory response, cell survival, and even apoptosis [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In the present study, we investigated 25-HC-induced oxiapoptophagy, a type of cell death associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy mediated by oxysterol, and its underlying cellular signaling pathways in L929 mouse fibroblast cells.…”

New Function of Cholesterol Oxidation Products Involved in Osteoporosis Pathogenesis

“…COP metabolism in humans can be divided into two main metabolic pathways; one is to produce highly polar water-soluble products that are excreted through the metabolic cycle [57,68]. For example, 7α-HC, 25-HC, and 27-HC can be metabolized into bile acid by CY27A1 and CYP7B1 [56,[69][70][71]. The 7-hydroxylation and 27-hydroxylation of COPs by CYP27A1 and CYP7B1 are key regulatory steps in the bile acid synthesis pathway [72].…”

Dual-Role of Cholesterol‐25‐Hydroxylase in Regulating Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Replication

“…The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus are the main cellular locations of CH25H, wherein CH25H catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 25HC ( 1 ). CH25H is known to play multiple biological roles, especially in lipid metabolism, antiviral processes, inflammatory response, cell survival, and others ( 2 ). The enzymatic product of CH25H, 25‐hydroxycholesterol (25HC), has been previously shown to play a critical role in the blockage of cell–virus fusion in response to viral infection.…”