Multiple Roles of Anions on the Degradation Efficiency and Mineralization Pathway of Recalcitrant Acetaldehyde by Vacuum Ultraviolet (185 nm) Oxidation

Abstract

Vacuum-UV (185 nm, VUV) is widely applied to polish reverse osmosis permeate (ROP), such as the production of electronics-grade ultrapure water. In this study, the VUV oxidation of acetaldehyde, a common carbonyl in ROP, was found to be influenced by anions even at low concentrations. Interestingly, the influencing extent and mechanism varied depending on the anions. Bicarbonate minimally affected the VUV-photon absorption and •OH consumption, but at 5000 μg-C·L–1, it decreased the degradation of acetaldehyde by 58.7% possibly by scavenging organic radicals or other radical chain reactions. Nitrate strongly competed for VUV-photon absorption and •OH scavenging through the formation of nitrite, and at 500 μg-N·L–1, it decreased the removal rate of acetaldehyde degradation by 71.2% and the mineralization rate of dissolved organic carbon by 53.4%. Chloride competed for VUV-photon absorption and also generated reactive chlorine species, which did not affect acetaldehyde degradation but influenced the formation of organic byproducts. The radical chain reactions or activation of anions under VUV irradiation could compensate for the decrease in oxidation performance and need further investigation. In real ROPs, the VUV oxidation of acetaldehyde remained efficient, but mineralization was hindered due to nitrate and chloride anions. This study deepens the understanding of the photochemistry and feasibility of VUV in water with low concentrations of anions.