Multiple timing and the allocation of attention

Brown, Scott W.; West, Alan N.

doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90081-p

Cited by 112 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Again, these approaches were developed to explain the inaccuracy of time judgments as task difficulty increases (Brown, 1985;Brown & Stubbs, 1992;Brown & West, 1990;Zakay et al, 1983). Since increased task demands require greater attentional resources for the processing of nontemporal information, this in turn reduces the amount of processing devoted to temporal information and hence causes the decline in accuracy for judged duration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, subjects may be asked to judge the duration of an experimental session that was spent proofreading a prose passage in the presence or absence of background music (Brown & Stubbs, 1992). In general, results of these studies are quite consistent in showing that as task difficulty increases, time judgments become more inaccurate and unreliable (Brown, 1985;Brown & Stubbs, 1992;Brown & West, 1990;Hicks, Miller, & Kinsbourne, 1976;Zakay, Nitzan, & Glicksohn, 1983). This effect is typically intepreted in terms of resource alloca-DURATION JUDGMENTS 108 I tion theory (Kahneman, 1973;Navon & Gopher, 1979).…”

Section: Judgments Of Events' Actual Durationmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effects of event structure on retrospective duration judgments

Boltz

1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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1\\'0 experiments examined whether varying degrees of event coherence influence the remembering of an event's actual duration. Relying on musical compositions (Experiment 1) or filmed narratives (Experiment 2) as experimental stimuli, the underlying hierarchy of information within events (i.e., melodic intervals or story elements) was either attentionally highlighted or obscured by placing a varying number of accents (i.e., prolonged notes or commercial breaks) at locations that either coincided or conflicted with grammatical phrase boundaries. When subjects were unexpectedly asked to judge the actual duration of events, through a reproduction (Experiment 1) or verbal estimation (Experiment 2) task, duration estimates became more accurate and less variable when the pattern of accentuation increasingly outlined the events' nested relationships. Conversely, when the events' organization was increasingly obscured through accentuation, time judgments not only became less accurate and more variable, but were consistently overestimated. These findings support a theoretical framework emphasizing the effects of event structure on attending and remembering activities.Although the ubiquity of time estimation behavior often goes unnoticed, it nonetheless mediates a wide variety ofcognitive experience. In some cases, time judgments may be involved in extrapolation tasks, as, for example, in passing or braking for another car, or in temporal-order tasks, as in reproducing the sequence of a given event. Similarly, people are also routinely required to make relative duration judgments, temporal discriminations, and timed motor responses. Of particular interest here is still another situation-one requiring an estimation from memory of an event's actual duration. For example, after attending a lecture, movie, or concert, or after driving to a particular destination, one will often have some sense of the event's total duration. The questions explored in the present research concern, first, the set of factors that determine the accuracy of such judgments, and second, the types of processing mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects. Both relate to more general issues within the time estimation literature and to those theoretical perspectives guiding this research. The Study of Remembered DurationEmpirical investigations of temporal judgments have relied on a wide variety of tasks and measurement techniques whose applications have been extensively de-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Judgments Of Events' Actual Durationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of event structure on retrospective duration judgments

Boltz

1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Nevertheless, an assumption that the same clocking process is used in PM tasks and time perception does not solve the problem of designing an interference task because there are several models of time estimation (for a review, see Block, 1990). For example, it has been suggested that time estimation involves attentional resources (e.g., Brown & West, 1990), short-term or working memory (e.g., Fortin & Breton, 1995;Fortin et al, 1993), and a temporal oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1990). Furthermore, results of time-estimation studies are variable and depend on the method (see Zakay, 1990).…”

Section: Application Of Selective Interference To a Pm Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive motion extrapolation and cognitive clocking in prediction motion tasks.

DeLucia¹,

Liddell²

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

106

141

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An interruption paradigm was used to measure judgments that rely on cognitive extrapolation of approach and lateral motion. In some conditions the pattern of errors was consistent with that obtained with time-to-contact (TIC) judgments measured with a prediction motion (I'M) task. Also, the slope of the relationship between estimated and actual TTC in judgments of approaching objects decreased when visual information about the environment between the observer and the display was minimized. Moreover, the accuracy of relative duration judgments of visual (but not auditory) stimuli decreased when a PM task was performed concurrently. Results are consistent with the notion that PM tasks involve cognitive motion extrapolation rather than solely a clocking process that counts down TIC.

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“…Some experiments where humans participate almost certainly involve simultaneous timing in this sense (e.g. Brown & West, 1990;Penney, Gibbon, & Meck, 2000, Experiment 1), but it is less clear that mixed FI does, or at least always does. Consider the data in the lower panel of Figure 1, which come from our Experiment 1 (and are similar to data presented in Leak & Gibbon, 1995, Figure 3, p. 6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules.

Whitaker

Lowe²,

Wearden³

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Three experiments studied timing in rats on 2-valued mixed-fixed-interval schedules, with equally probable components, Fixed-Interval S and Fixed-Interval L (FI S and FI L, respectively). When the L:S ratio was greater than 4, 2 distinct response peaks appeared close to FI S and FI L, and data could be well fitted by the sum of 2 Gaussian curves. When the L:S ratio was less than 4, only 1 response peak was usually visible, but nonlinear regression often identified separate sources of behavioral control, by FI S and FI L, although control by FI L dominated. Data were used to test ideas derived from scalar expectancy theory, the behavioral theory of timing, and learning to time.

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Multiple timing and the allocation of attention

Cited by 112 publications

References 38 publications

Effects of event structure on retrospective duration judgments

Effects of event structure on retrospective duration judgments

Cognitive motion extrapolation and cognitive clocking in prediction motion tasks.

Multiple-interval timing in rats: Performance on two-valued mixed fixed-interval schedules.

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