Multiple tubulins: evolutionary aspects and biological implications

Breviario, Diego; Gianı̀, Silvia; Morello, Laura

doi:10.1111/tpj.12243

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 186 publications

(228 reference statements)

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“…Oakley et al [140] assessed transcript expression levels in cambial tissue of bent stems in poplar and found tubulin genes, TUA1, TUA5, TUB9 and TUB15, to be specifically up-regulated 2-to 4-fold when compared to cambial tissue of upright stems. In plants, tubulins are encoded by multigene families and the expression of different isoforms is tissue specific and varies throughout plant development, with tissue-preferential clusters grouping separately in phylogenetic analyses [140,141]. For instance, the Arabidopsis genome contains six TUAs, one of them specifically expressed in pollen tubes, and nine TUBs with differential expression in roots, leaves and floral tissue [142,143].…”

Section: Tubulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The multi-tubulin hypothesis interprets tubulin diversity as a requirement for differential microtubule formation [146]. Conversely, tubulin gene redundancy might ensure the expression of a fundamental protein [141]. Besides the large number of isoforms, it is believed that post-translational modifications (PTM) in tubulins mark microtubules with distinct stability and association with MAPs and motor proteins, thereby altering their sensitivity to microtubule-disrupting drugs [141].…”

Section: Tubulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species

Tobias

Spokevicius

McFarlane

et al. 2020

Plants

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Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).

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Section: Tubulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tubulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species

Tobias

Spokevicius

McFarlane

et al. 2020

Plants

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“…Current knowledge indicates that plants can draw on a wide repertoire of genes for aand b-subunits (Breviario et al 2013). Nevertheless, we still fail to see the relevance of this gene abundance and have not yet understood if there is a unique tissue-or organ-specific pattern of tubulin gene expression.…”

Section: Expression and Accumulation Of Tubulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation and post‐translational modifications of plant tubulins

2013

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The microtubular cytoskeleton of plant cells provides support for several functions (including the anchoring of proteins, assembly of the mitotic spindle, cytoplasmic streaming and construction of cell walls). Both α- and β-tubulins are encoded through multigene families that are differentially expressed in different organs and tissues. To increase the variability of expression, both protein subunits are subjected to post-translational modifications, which could contribute to the assembly of specific microtubule structures. This review aims to highlight the role of specific post-translational modifications of tubulin in plant cells. We initially describe the expression and accumulation of α- and β-tubulin isoforms in different plants and at different stages of plant development. Second, we discuss the different types of post-translational modifications that, by adding or removing specific functional groups, increase the isoform heterogeneity and functional variability of tubulin. Modifications are proposed to form a 'code' that can be read by proteins interacting with microtubules. Therefore, the subpopulations of microtubules may bind to different associated proteins (motor and non-motor), thus creating the physical support for various microtubule functions.

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“…Plants have evolved a large heterogeneity in the number of α-and β-tubulins genes, and different plants possess diverse sets of such genes [15][16]. Current knowledge indicates that plants can draw on a wide repertoire of genes for α-and β-subunits [17]. It is clear that the expression of some tubulin genes is likely related to precise functions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium’s Effect on the Organization of Microtubular Cytoskeleton in Root Tips Cells of Salix matsudana Koidz

Wang¹,

Ji²,

Wang³

et al. 2018

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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IntroductionCadmium (Cd) has become one of the most harmful and widespread pollutants in water and soils caused by industrial emissions, the application of Cd-containing phosphate fertilizers, and municipal waste disposal [1]. It can easily be absorbed and accumulated in plant roots, and roots are the first organ in which plants contact this element in Cd-polluted soil [2]. The toxicity of Cd is associated with inhibitory interactions between numerous physiological and metabolic processes, such as interference in mitosis [3][4], toxicity to nucleoli structure [5][6][7], and influence on the organization of microtubular cytoskeleton and tubulin assembly/disassembly processes [7]. To prevent an excess of heavy metals in the metabolically active cytoplasm and organelles, the defence mechanisms come into operation, allowing for detoxification of harmful metal levels at the cellular level, including Cd exclusion, binding, and precipitation in the Pol. AbstractThe toxic effects of Cd on microtubule (MT) organization in root tip cells of S. matsudana were investigated in the present study using tubulin immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy. Cell damage and expression level of the SmTUA1 gene in the root tips were also examined by means of propidium iodide (PI) staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology. The MT arrays were very sensitive to Cd. At interphase, under 50 μmol/L Cd treatment for 48 h, some cortical MTs were discontinuous, inducing numbers of differently sized fragments. With increased Cd concentrations and duration of treatment, peripheral MTs appeared to be broken gradually, and the degree of disorder was enhanced. Spindle fibers even formed condensed MT at 10 µmol/L Cd for 48 h. During anaphase/telophase, there was a small part of MT absent, MT fibers were stuck to each other (even forming lumps) and could not form phragmoplast at 50 µmol/L Cd for 48 h. The cell damage of S. matsudana root tips increased with enhanced Cd concentrations and prolonged treatment time. Expression level of SmTUA1 analyzed by qRT-PCR further validated the results by indirect immunofluorescence staining. The data obtained here will be very useful to understand the mechanisms of Cd-induced cell toxicity.

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Multiple tubulins: evolutionary aspects and biological implications

Cited by 51 publications

References 186 publications

The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species

The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species

Accumulation and post‐translational modifications of plant tubulins

Cadmium’s Effect on the Organization of Microtubular Cytoskeleton in Root Tips Cells of Salix matsudana Koidz

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