“…where the voltage readings V are proportional to fluids' electrical permittivity, (i,j) are wire indices, and k is the discrete temporal index (for details see [8] and [24]). By appropriate processing of the matrix α, it is possible to visualize the data in different ways, for instance, averaged one-dimensional time series, time-averaged 2D images, as well as three-dimensional contour images, as was described in our previous work [8] and was also applied here. According to [25], WMS presents a void fraction uncertainty of ±10.5% over a variety of flow regimes relative to other methods such as radioactive methods.…”