Multiplex Detection of Biogenic Amines for Meat Freshness Monitoring Using Nanoplasmonic Colorimetric Sensor Array

Abstract

Biogenic amines (BAs) were presented as significant markers for the evaluation of the spoilage of meat and meat products. In this work, a colorimetric sensor array was developed for the discrimination and detection of spermine (SP), spermidine (SD), histamine (HS), and tryptamine (TP) as important BAs in food assessment. For this aim, two important spherical plasmonic nanoparticles, namely gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), were utilized as the sensing elements of the probes. The cross-reactive interaction of the target biogenic amines and the plasmonic nanoparticles caused the aggregation-induced UV–Vis spectra changes, which were accompanied by visual color variation in the solution. The collected responses were analyzed by principal component analysis-linear discrimination analysis (PCA-LDA) to classify the four BAs. This colorimetric sensor array can also discriminate between the individual BAs and their mixture accurately. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was also utilized for quantitative analysis of the BAs. The wide linear concentration ranges of 0.1–10.0 µM for the four BAs and desirable figures of merits (FOMs) showed the potential of the developed sensor for quantitative detection of the BAs. Finally, the practical ability of the developed probe was studied by the determination of the BAs in the meat samples, which successfully proved the potential of the colorimetric sensor array in a food sample.

Food for Thought: Optical Sensor Arrays and Machine Learning for the Food and Beverage Industry

“…65 In a similar fashion Hormozi-Nezhad and coworkers built a liquid array based on eight surface modified Ag and Au NPs that aggregated and changed their plasmonic color in the presence of biogenic amines in extracted meat samples and would be similarly readable with a portable spectrometer. 34 Unpowered, solid-state optical arrays that can be read with a camera or by eye offer a huge advantage. They can be incorporated within packaging as externally readable sensors to indicate if the contents have spoiled.…”

“…Singh et al built a liquid array and a portable microplate reader that could detect spermine and tryptamine contamination in meat and cheese, although sample preparation was laborious . In a similar fashion Hormozi-Nezhad and co-workers built a liquid array based on eight surface modified Ag and Au NPs that aggregated and changed their plasmonic color in the presence of biogenic amines in extracted meat samples and would be similarly readable with a portable spectrometer …”

“…These arrays are constructed from different, optically active materials, that respond to the molecules in a sample with an optical wavelength shift (change in color), or change in luminescent intensity (either steady-state or lifetime changes) . Chromophores can be modulated via change of local environment (e.g., displacement from a supramolecular host by an analyte molecule), , or chemical reactivity between analytes and the array. , Examples include ligation of metalloporphyrins to create a change in absorbance/reflectance; the reaction or borylated fluorophores with sugars to alter their luminescence; the change of local polarity and charge around environmentally responsive fluorophores such as coumarins, fluorescent polymers or fluorescent proteins to change their color and intensity; or the change of the size, shape or local refractive index around a plasmonic nanoparticle to change their plasmonic color. − The sensor elements can be immobilized on a solid paper or glass substrate or suspended in solution before addition of the sample (typically in gas or liquid form) to generate the optical response in each array element.…”

“… 65 In a similar fashion Hormozi-Nezhad and co-workers built a liquid array based on eight surface modified Ag and Au NPs that aggregated and changed their plasmonic color in the presence of biogenic amines in extracted meat samples and would be similarly readable with a portable spectrometer. 34 …”

Dopamine-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Detection of Histamine

“…Over the past decade, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been considered a promising candidate in drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility, simple synthesis, size-tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and versatile surface chemistry for ease in functionalization. − Owing to its unique optical properties, AuNPs have been employed as biosensors, giving colorimetric output during dispersion and aggregation activity. − Related studies on biogenic amine detection using unmodified/bare AuNPs exhibited a strong cross-reactive response with various biogenic amines such as spermine, spermidine, tryptamine histamine, and melamine. − Accordingly, unmodified AuNPs are highly unstable and easily triggered by any chemical stimuli, leading to nonspecific analyte interaction because of their high surface-to-volume ratio limiting their practical application. , …”