Laser vibrometry is a powerful tool for measurement of vibration on a variety of structures. Lasers do not mass-load or otherwise change the dynamics of a structure, and so they have enabled measurements from surfaces that are too light, delicate, hot, etc. to allow conventional surface mounted sensors. The position of the measurement point can also be changed readily. Thus, laser vibrometry has also allowed acquisition of measurements over a dense grid of points, to more completely characterize a structure its deformation shapes, the evolution of stress waves, or the identification of structural damages than it might be feasible with other methods. The chapter is divided in two sections: the first one is intended to provide an insight about the theory behind laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), while the second section aims at giving an overview of the different types of laser Doppler vibrometers that have been developed so far. The chapter is not intended to give a comprehensive discussion of laser Doppler vibrometry, but it provides sufficient details about potentials, issues, and best practice approaches for successfully exploiting such technique in structural dynamics testing. References are provided to direct the interested reader to more detailed information as well as to examples of application cases.