Multiporphyrinic architectures: Advances in structural design for photodynamic therapy

Abstract

Rationally designed multiporphyrinic architectures for boosting photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted significant attentions recently years due to their great potential for light‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. However, there is still a gap between the structure design and their PDT performance for biomedical applications. This tutorial review provides a historical overview on (i) the basic concept of PDT for deeply understanding the porphyrin‐mediated PDT reactions, (ii) developing strategies for constructing porphyrinic architectures, like nanorings, boxes, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs), vesicles, etc., where we classified into the following three categories: multiporphyrin arrays, porphyrinic frameworks, and others porphyrin assemblies, (iii) the various application scenarios for clinical cancer therapy and antibacterial infection. Also, the existing challenges and future perspectives on the innovation of porphyrinic architectures for clinical PDT applications are mentioned in the end section. Moreover, the porphyrinic nanomaterials with atomically precise architectures provide an ideal platform for investigating the relationship between structures and PDT outputs, design of personalized “all‐in‐one” theranostic agents, and the popularization and application in wider biomedical fields.

The Cutting‐Edge Progress in Covalent Organic Framework‐Based Nanomedicine

“…[86,87] Most photosensitizers are employed in PDT feature a porphyrin ring structure. [88,89] Porphyrins and their derivatives hold significant promise as potential photosensitizers. Qu et al have synthesized PEG-coated COF nanodots based on the porphyrin structure, named as COF nanodots-PEG.…”

Introducing Carborane Clusters into Crystalline Frameworks via Thiol‐Yne Click Chemistry for Energetic Materials

“…Crystalline framework materials, with their captivating structures, play a pivotal role across interdisciplinary fields, encompassing gas separation, energy storage, catalysis, and biotechnology. [1][2][3][4][5] Recently, these materials have garnered significant attention in the realm of energetic materials. [6][7][8][9] The robust skeleton structure of crystalline frameworks enhances chemical stability, while homogeneously distributed building blocks help mitigate hotspot formation, striking a balance between stability and sensitivity in energetic materials.…”

“…Crystalline framework materials, with their captivating structures, play a pivotal role across interdisciplinary fields, encompassing gas separation, energy storage, catalysis, and biotechnology [1–5] . Recently, these materials have garnered significant attention in the realm of energetic materials [6–9] .…”

Aggregate Catalysts: Regulating Multimetal Cooperativity for CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization

“…Aggregation is a common phenomenon in nature, where biological macromolecules such as enzymes offer efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability for substrates through the collective behaviors of different active sites. − Inspired by this, chemists have developed cooperative catalysis by stacking catalytic centers into molecular aggregates that can work together to achieve “greater than the sum of their parts”, which is distinct from conventional organometallic catalyst design of ligand modification based on “trial and error”. , For example, cooperative multimetallic complexes, characterized by multisite interactions with each metal center, outperform the monatomic counterparts in terms of activity and selectivity or even inaccessible transformation, enabling a variety of chemical conversions such as hydrogenation, C–C bond breaking, and simultaneous activation of multiple bonds. − While multimetallic cooperativity has been well-studied in a range of small organic molecular transformations, multimetal cooperative catalysis in the polymerization process remains underexplored.…”