“…Having the capability to model the microstructural evolution, phase-field modeling has been successfully adopted in the simulation of martensitic phase transformations (Levitas and Preston, 2002;Javanbakht et al, 2021), reconstructive phase transformations (Denoual et al, 2010), phase transformations in liquids (Slutsker et al, 2006), dislocations (Albrecht et al, 2020), twinning (Clayton and Knap, 2011), damage (Loew et al, 2019), and their interactions (Ruffini and Finel, 2015;Mozaffari and Voyiadjis, 2016;Schmitt et al, 2015). Initiated with the celebrated work by Francfort and Marigo (1998) on the variational approach to brittle fracture, where the total energy is minimized simultaneously with respect to the crack geometry and the displacement field, the concept of applying the phase-field method in fracture mechanics has gained significant interest in the literature (Bourdin et al, 2000(Bourdin et al, , 2008Farrahi et al, 2020;Levitas et al, 2018;Jafarzadeh et al, 2019;Kuhn and Müller, 2010;Placidi et al, 2020;Sargado et al, 2018;Eid et al, 2021;Msekh et al, 2015;Shanthraj et al, 2017;Aldakheel et al, 2018;Seleš et al, 2021). Due to the thermodynamic driving forces, the evolution of interfaces (e.g., merging and branching of multiple cracks) is predicted with no additional effort (Wu et al, 2018).…”