“…According to the TM model, micro-cracks form along slip bands (see Figure 3b), depending on grain size (i.e., slip band length) d, the average shear stress range ∆τ on the slip band, the shear modulus G, the crack initiation energy W c , Poisson's ratio ν, and the CRSS [16,17,[20][21][22]. A more extended and detailed description of the implementation of the TM equation into FEM-based modelling and simulation of the crack initiation process has been reported in publications of the authors of this study in [5,16,17,20,[23][24][25] and by other researchers, too, in [21,22,26,27].…”