“…In this work, we investigate investment flexibility provided by modular technologies; to do so, we propose a multi-product capacity expansion (CE) problem that exploits the availability of technologies of different types and sizes to mitigate risk. Variants of the CE problem have been studied in different applications such as power generation, semiconductor manufacturing, railroad networks, and waste-to-energy systems [5,13,29,30]. A cost-minimization CE problem that considers a singleproduct deterministic setting with installation decisions of a fixed-capacity facility was formulated in [19].…”