Multistate Infestation with the Exotic Disease–Vector Tick <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> — United States, August 2017–September 2018

Beard, Charles B.; Occi, James; Bonilla, Denise L.; Egizi, Andrea; Fonseca, Dina M.; Mertins, James W.; Backenson, Bryon; Bajwa, Waheed I.; Barbarin, Alexis M.; Bertone, Matthew A.; Brown, Justin D.; Connally, Neeta P.; Connell, Nancy; Eisen, Rebecca J.; Falco, Richard C.; James, Angela M.; Krell, Rayda K.; Lahmers, Kevin K.; Lewis, Nicole L.; Little, Susan E.; Neault, Michael; León, Adalberto A Pérez de; Randall, Adam; Ruder, Mark G.; Saleh, Meriam N.; Schappach, Brittany L; Schroeder, Betsy; Seraphin, Leslie L.; Wehtje, Morgan; Wormser, Gary P.; Yabsley, Michael J.; Halperin, William

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6747a3

Cited by 179 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In August 2017, H. longicornis was found in the United States for the first time in all three of its life stages, infecting an Icelandic sheep in Hunterdon County (New Jersey) that had not been transported or had any contact with foreign animals (55). The following year, this tick was found in seven other states along the Eastern US and Arkansas (56), and its presence was verified by reexamination of archived historical samples, confirming that H. longicornis was present in West Virginia in 2010 and New Jersey in 2013 (56). Over the past 30 years, the US Department of Agriculture has identified this tick at least six times from imported horses in quarantine (57).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Krasteva

Jara

Frias-De-Diego

et al. 2020

Preprint

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16Nairobi Sheep Disease virus (NSDv) is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. NSDv has 17 historically circulated in East Africa and has recently emerged in the Asian continent. Despite efforts to control the disease, some regions, mostly 18 in warmer climates, persistently report disease outbreaks. Consequently, it is necessary to understand how environmental tolerances and factors

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Krasteva

Jara

Frias-De-Diego

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…One tick of recent importance in the United States (USA) is Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick. Native to East Asia, H. longicornis has become invasive in multiple regions of the world, largely due to its parthenogenetic reproduction, broad habitat use, and high diversity of avian and mammalian hosts (3)(4)(5). In the native range of H. longicornis, numerous bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens have been detected within this tick, including Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and spotted fever group Rickettsia (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haemaphysalis longicornis was first confirmed in the United States in New Jersey on a sheep in late 2017 (22). However, subsequent investigations of archived specimens revealed that H. longicornis collected as early as 2010 had been previously misidentified as the native rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (5). With the introduction of H. longicornis, there are now four Haemaphysalis species known in North America: H. leporispalustris, found throughout the Americas and primarily infesting lagomorphs (23,24); Haemaphysalis juxtakochi ranging throughout the Neotropics with cervids or other larger mammals as primary hosts, though it has been found parasitizing migratory neotropical birds (25)(26)(27); and Haemaphysalis chordeilis, sporadically collected from avian species throughout the United States and Canada (28,29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Haemaphysalis Species and a Molecular Genetic Key for the Identification of Haemaphysalis of North America

et al. 2020

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Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae), the Asian longhorned tick, is native to East Asia, but has become established in Australia and New Zealand, and more recently in the United States. In North America, there are other native Haemaphysalis species that share similar morphological characteristics and can be difficult to identify if the specimen is damaged. The goal of this study was to develop a cost-effective and rapid molecular diagnostic assay to differentiate between exotic and native Haemaphysalis species to aid in ongoing surveillance of H. longicornis within the United States and help prevent misidentification. We demonstrated that restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) can be used to differentiate H. longicornis from the other Haemaphysalis species found in North America. Furthermore, we show that this RFLP assay can be applied to Haemaphysalis species endemic to other regions of the world for the rapid identification of damaged specimens. The work presented in this study can serve as the foundation for region specific PCR-RFLP keys for Haemaphysalis and other tick species and can be further applied to other morphometrically challenging taxa.

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“…Recently, it was found in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, USA for the first time [9]. It is an essential vector of zoonotic agents and can transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia bacteria [10]. Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two reproductive populations: bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic populations [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of three enzymes and their roles in the embryonic development of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis

Qiu

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Background: The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two separate reproductive populations: bisexual and parthenogenetic, which have diploid and triploid karyotypes, respectively. The parthenogenetic population can undergo engorgement without copulation and produce viable female-only offspring with a longer incubation period than the bisexual population. Three enzymes, cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, were found to be involved in vitellin degradation during the embryonic development of bisexual H. longicornis. However, the expression and activity profiles of these enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic ticks remain unknown. In the present study, the transcriptional expression profile, enzyme activity and roles in embryogenesis of the three enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic H. longicornis were investigated.Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence detection were used to analyze the dynamic changes in the three enzymes during embryogenesis. The roles of the three enzymes during embryogenesis were also explored using RNA interference (RNAi). Results:The three enzymes were all expressed during embryonic development in parthenogenetic H. longicornis. The expression of cathepsin B was highest on day 15, whereas that of cathepsin D was highest on day 3 and the peak of acid phosphatase expression occurred on day 9. The activity of cathepsin B was highest on day 3 and lowest on day 5, then gradually increased and remained stable. Cathepsin D activity was highest on day 1 and showed a gradually decreasing trend, whereas acid phosphatase showed the opposite trend and reached a peak on day 23. RNA interference experiments in engorged female ticks revealed that there was no significant difference in the number of eggs laid, but the hatching rate of the eggs was significantly decreased. Conclusion:The three enzymes all play important roles in embryonic development of H. longicornis, but the expression patterns and changes in the activity of the enzymes in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations are different. The results will help a better understanding of the similarities and differences underlying embryonic development in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations and contribute to the future exploration of the development of the parthenogenetic population of H. longicornis.

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Multistate Infestation with the Exotic Disease–Vector Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis — United States, August 2017–September 2018

Cited by 179 publications

References 6 publications

Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: a historical and epidemiological perspective

Molecular Characterization of Haemaphysalis Species and a Molecular Genetic Key for the Identification of Haemaphysalis of North America

Investigation of three enzymes and their roles in the embryonic development of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis

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