Multivalent and Multipathogen Viral Vector Vaccines

Abstract

The presentation and delivery of antigens are crucial for inducing immunity and, desirably, lifelong protection. Recombinant viral vectors-proven safe and successful in veterinary vaccine applications-are ideal shuttles to deliver foreign proteins to induce an immune response with protective antibody levels by mimicking natural infection. Some examples of viral vectors are adenoviruses, measles virus, or poxviruses. The required attributes to qualify as a vaccine vector are as follows: stable insertion of coding sequences into the genome, induction of a protective immune response, a proven safety record, and the potential for large-scale production. The need to develop new vaccines for infectious diseases, increase vaccine accessibility, reduce health costs, and simplify overloaded immunization schedules has driven the idea to combine antigens from the same or various pathogens. To protect effectively, some vaccines require multiple antigens of one pathogen or different pathogen serotypes/serogroups in combination (multivalent or polyvalent vaccines). Future multivalent vaccine candidates are likely to be required for complex diseases like malaria and HIV. Other novel strategies propose an antigen combination of different pathogens to protect against several diseases at once (multidisease or multipathogen vaccines).

Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains

“…The virus has been rendered nonreplicating, and infectivity has been greatly reduced by means of deleting components of the virus genome or by using physical or chemical methods [15]. In the case of recombinant viral vectors, viruses different from the SARS-CoV that are capable of host cell infection have been genetically engineered to express components of the SARS-CoV [16]. VLPs are non-infectious multiprotein structures formed from viral proteins that self-assemble into viruslike structures [17].…”

Capacity to Elicit Cytotoxic CD8 T Cell Activity Against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Is Retained in a Vaccine Candidate 35 kDa Peptide Modified for Expression in Mammalian Cells

“…Extensive studies have been conducted to develop and test viral vectors for delivery of vaccines [reviewed in (39,40)]. There has been one attempt to develop a virusvectored vaccine for Map (14).…”

Zika virus vaccines

“…These vaccines induce high humoral and cellular immune responses that have been shown to lead to protection against infection in pre-clinical models 57,58 . A MV ZIKV vaccine developed by Themis Bioscience GmbH is currently in a phase I clinical trial.…”