Multivariate Analysis of Groundwater-Quality Time-Series Using Self-organizing Maps and Sammon’s Mapping

Abstract

Groundwater extracted from alluvial aquifers close to rivers is vulnerable to contamination by infiltrating river water. Infiltration is often increased during high discharge events, when the levels of waterborne pathogens are also increased. Water suppliers with low-level treatment thus rely on alternative measures derived from information on system state to manage the resource and maintain drinking-water quality. In this study, a combination of Self-Organizing Maps and Sammon's Mapping (SOM-SM) was used as a proxy analysis of a multivariate time-series to detect critical system states whereby contamination of the drinking water extraction wells is imminent. Groundwater head, temperature and electrical conductivity time-series from groundwater observation wells were analysed using the SOM-SM method. Independent measurements (spectral absorption coefficient, turbidity, particle density and river stage) were used. This approach can identify critical system states and can be integrated into an adaptive, online, automated groundwater-management process.

Online flow cytometry reveals microbial dynamics influenced by concurrent natural and operational events in groundwater used for drinking water treatment

“…Furthermore, it allows for efficient tailor-made measures to hedge against the risk of breakthroughs in biological filters61 or to avoid the input of peak loads into the distribution system (which can be much easier and/or cheaper than trying to decrease average loads). Moreover, relevant proxy variables (e.g., turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, SAC 254 ) may be found that are easier/cheaper to measure than TCC, and which correlate sufficiently with bacterial concentrations3664.…”