Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids

Abstract

Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments with substantial health benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids, especially toward lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. As such, there are few reports on the evaluation and comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids against inflammation induced by other stimuli. In this study, we used pathogen-associated molecular patterns, proinflammatory cytokines, degenerated proteins, and chemical irritants as inflammatory inducers to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of eight different carotenoids. Each carotenoid showed characteristic anti-inflammatory activities; thus, we conducted a multivariate analysis to clarify the differences among them. Unsubstituted β-ring (i.e., provitamin A) and C8-keto structures of carotenoids were found to be crucial for their inhibitory effects on the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon regulatory factors, respectively. Furthermore, we found that β-carotene and echinenone treatment increased intracellular retinoid levels in monocytes and that the retinoids showed the similar activities to β-carotene and echinenone. Taken together, the intake of both provitamin A and C8-keto carotenoids (e.g., siphonaxanthin and fucoxanthin) might be effective in improving the inflammatory status of individuals. A multivariate analysis of anti-inflammatory activities is a useful method for characterizing anti-inflammatory compounds.

Carotenoids from Marine Sources as a New Approach in Neuroplasticity Enhancement

“…Studies performed on the transfected human monocytic cell line, which was treated with siphonaxanthin at 1.0 µM concentration for 24 h, showed the anti-inflammatory effect of this carotenoid, manifested by the significant inhibition of the LPS-and TNF-α-induced NFκB activation. Moreover, pretreatment with siphonaxanthin at 1.0 µM concentration significantly suppressed the IL-1β-induced NFκB activation [117]. Ganesan et al [113] revealed that siphonaxanthin might inhibit FGF-2 signaling.…”

Dietary Protective Potential of Fucoxanthin as an Active Food Component on Neurological Disorders

“…The delivery of neurotrophic compounds by nanocarriers and the targeted recovery of neurons are important strategies to improve the neurotherapeutic efficacy, and specific self-assembled nanomaterials have good neuroprotective properties, safety, and efficacy . For example, the recently reported liquid crystal nanocarriers are potential alternatives to the emerging delivery systems for fucoxanthin. , Compared to other carotenoids, such as siphonaxanthin, β-carotene, astaxanthin, and neoxanthin, as the main active ingredient in major dietary algae, fucoxanthin has also been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, and neuroprotective activities. Among them, its neuroprotective properties have received extensive attention in recent years. , Previous research has shown that fucoxanthin can be used as a neurotrophic supplement to protect nerve cells and increase synaptic plasticity by modulating oxidative stress, alleviating inflammatory responses, improving dopamine secretion, and promoting neurotrophin expression. , …”

“…4 For example, the recently reported liquid crystal nanocarriers are potential alternatives to the emerging delivery systems for fucoxanthin. 5,6 Compared to other carotenoids, such as siphonaxanthin, 7 β-carotene, 8 astaxanthin, 9 and neoxanthin, 10 as the main active ingredient in major dietary algae, fucoxanthin has also been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, and neuroprotective activities. Among them, its neuroprotective properties have received extensive attention in recent years.…”

Imaginary and representation in amazonian literature: inferno verde and the conditions for teaching regional literature

“…However, studies have been revealing the action of carotenoids as inflammatory modulators. In a study by Manabe et al (2021) for example, it was found that TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and IRFs was significantly inhibited by βcarotene (-28% and -45%, respectively). This author further states that circulating leukocytes, especially monocytes, are considered an important source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as monocytes receive inflammatory stimuli, numerous pro-inflammatory genes are induced mainly by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs).…”