“…Examples include assess risk of WWTP effluent exceeding regulatory requirements and potential savings in comprehensive plant optimization (Benedetti et al, 2006;Rousseau et al, 2001). Advantages of Monte Carlo include relatively easy to understand, assessment of the uncertainty in model output via sensitivity analysis and identification of major input factor responsible for most of the model output variability (Korving et al, 2002;Sriwastava et al, 2018;Tavakol-Davani et al, 2019;Torres-Matallana et al, 2020). Disadvantages of Monte Carlo include output accuracy depends on utilization of reasonable/fair assumptions, tendency to underestimate risk events, computational requirements, time-consuming and susceptible to overfitting (Dilks et al, 1992;Han et al, 2007;Thorndahl et al, 2008).…”