Multivariate characterization of ultra‐thin nanofunctional plasma polymer films using ToF‐SIMS analysis

Gradowski, M. von; Wahl, Michael; Förch, Renate; Hilgers, H.

doi:10.1002/sia.1853

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Examples of PCA applications are as numerous as they are varied including quantification of polymer blends,42 identification of adsorbed proteins,43 discrimination of paints,44 etc. Recently, the method has also revealed to be suitable for PPF characterization 18, 45–47. A detailed description of the basic principles and applications of the PCA method can be found elsewhere 48…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Methyl Isobutyrate‐based Plasma Polymer Films

Denis

Renaux

Cossement

et al. 2011

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Methyl isobutyrate is plasma‐polymerized varying the precursor flow rate (Φp), the working pressure (p) and the radiofrequency power injected in the discharge (PRF). Through the use of an experimental design, PRF reveals to be the key parameter regarding the incorporation of oxygen‐based functionalities in the plasma polymer films (PPFs). Combining the use of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA), our results demonstrate that an increase of PRF (i) lowers the incorporation of the precursor ester groups within the PPFs and (ii) amplifies the PPF crosslinking density (χ). A correlation between the PPF physico‐chemistry and the plasma composition is established using residual gas analysis mass spectrometry. It is shown that an increase of PRF increases both the extent of the precursor fragmentation and the production of non‐reactive oxygen‐based species in the plasma that do not contribute to the PPF growth. Incidentally, in the PRF range studied, the total amount of oxygen‐based functionalities incorporated in the PPFs (at.%O) varies from 23.9 to 10.1 at.%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Methyl Isobutyrate‐based Plasma Polymer Films

Denis

Renaux

Cossement

et al. 2011

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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“…A typical analysis takes only a few minutes on a modern desktop computer, and therefore it has potential for on-line analysis of real time processes. A recent review on the application of multivariate methods to ToF-SIMS data is given by Graham et al [3] Multivariate methods have been applied successfully to the characterisation and quantification of a variety of materials including inorganic materials, [4 -6] polymers, [7,8] polymer additives, [9] organic thin films, [10 -12] proteins, [13 -15] self-assembled monolayers [16] and bacteria samples. [17] Various studies have also been carried out on the comparison of different multivariate analysis methods [18,19] and the effect of data preprocessing, such as mean centering and normalisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification and methodology issues in multivariate analysis of ToF‐SIMS data for mixed organic systems

Lee

Gilmore

Seah

2008

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Multivariate methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR), are often employed to aid the analysis of large complex data sets such as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) images. There is, however, much confusion over the most appropriate choice of method for any given application and the effects of data preprocessing, which is exacerbated by the confusing terminologies and the use of jargon in this field. In the present study, a simple model system consisting of a ToF-SIMS image of an immiscible polymer blend is used to evaluate PCA and MCR in the accurate identification, localisation and quantification of the phase-separated polymer domains, using four data preprocessing methods (no scaling, normalisation, variance scaling and Poisson scaling). This highlights significant issues and challenges in the quantitative multivariate analysis of mixed organic systems, including the discrimination of chemically significant features from experimental noise, the resolution of weak chemical contributions and potential bias introduced by data preprocessing. Multivariate analysis using Poisson scaling, identified as the most suitable data preprocessing method for both PCA and MCR, demonstrates a marked improvement upon traditional (manual) analysis and provides valuable additional information that is difficult to detect using traditional analysis. Using these results, we present recommendations for the optimum use of multivariate analysis by analysts and provide guidance on selecting the most appropriate methods. Confusing terminology is also clarified.

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“…The ELPPF chemical composition was determined by combining chemical derivatization, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) measurements. On the other hand, χ was assessed by ToF‐SIMS analysis using a previously reported method …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of the Plasma Polymerization of Ethyl Lactate

Ligot

Renaux

Denis

et al. 2013

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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In this work, we report on the synthesis of ethyl lactate-based plasma polymer film (ELPPF) by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). Using a design of experiments, it appears that, among other, the injected power (P RF ) is the key parameter affecting the ELPPF features. Indeed, we observe a strong decrease of the COO-C/H functionalities (from 12 to 2 at.%) within a limited P RF domain. A more precise analysis of the film chemistry by combining XPS and chemical derivatization reveals that up to 95% of these carboxyl-based functions are esters. On the other hand, we show that the cross-linking degree of the ELPPF can be increased by a factor of two as a function of P RF . This work paves the way for the tailoring of the barrier properties of ELPPF by controlling the ester content and the cross-linking degree of the PPF.

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Multivariate characterization of ultra‐thin nanofunctional plasma polymer films using ToF‐SIMS analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Methyl Isobutyrate‐based Plasma Polymer Films

Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Methyl Isobutyrate‐based Plasma Polymer Films

Quantification and methodology issues in multivariate analysis of ToF‐SIMS data for mixed organic systems

Experimental Study of the Plasma Polymerization of Ethyl Lactate

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