Multivariate Models of Cognition and Personality: The Need for Both Process and Structure in Psychological Theory and Measurement1

Messick, Samuel

doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1973.tb00836.x

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…However, its principal loadings on Password and Twelve Questions suggest that Factor 6 primarily involves serial, deductive reasoning requiring frequent updates of the information pool. This unique ability appears not to have been previously identified (French et al, 1963;Guilford, 1967;Messick, 1973). It is somewhat similar to the factor identified as Serial Integration by Siebert and Snow (1965, p.161), who used a motion picture rather than a computer terminal mode of administration.…”

Section: Factors 3 and 7 (Short Term Memory) Bothmentioning

confidence: 62%

Using Computerized Tests to Measure New Dimensions of Abilities: An Exploratory Study

Cory

Rimland

Bryson

1977

Applied Psychological Measurement

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A battery of Graphic Information Processing Tests (GRIP) was developed to utilize the display characteristics of computer terminals in measuring abilities important for processing visually presented information. The GRIP battery was especially intended to assess five "real world" personal attributes which have been difficult to measure with paper-and-pencil tests. The experimental tests were administered to 385 Navy enlisted men and evaluated in conjunction with paper-and-pencil tests of the same attributes as well as with operational cognitive tests and biographical variables. The GRIP tests were found to be useful for measuring shortterm memory and sequential reasoning abilities.

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Section: Factors 3 and 7 (Short Term Memory) Bothmentioning

confidence: 62%

Using Computerized Tests to Measure New Dimensions of Abilities: An Exploratory Study

Cory

Rimland

Bryson

1977

Applied Psychological Measurement

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“…A stage-three resolution of the top-down, bottom-up, and bottom-only approaches has been proposed by Messick (1973). In his view, following Guttman's (1958) Messick recognizes that this interpretation of the structure of intellect implies an inordinate number of higher-order factors (90), and in a later paper (Messick, in preparation) presents evidence and arguments that the products dimension is unlikely to contribute to an important degree beyond the first-order (see also Merrifield, 1~70;Cronbach, 1971;Guilford, 1973).…”

Section: Integration Of Factor Analytic Theories Of Intellectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural Influences on Patterns of Abilities in North America1

Vernon

Jackson

Messick

1986

ETS Research Report Series

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The chapter examines cultural influences on patterns of abilities in North America or, more specifically, in the united States. After a brief review of the major models of intelligence and mental ability, the evidence for and against the "patterns-of-abilities hypothesis" is discussed, along with the major shortcomings of this interpretation as it pertains to between-group differences in ability profiles within the United States.Next examined are 'cultural influences on cognitive styles as potential organizers of ability patterns and, finally, cultural influences not on profiles but on average levels of ability perfoDmance.

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“…Cognitive styles, for example, have been conceptualized as information-processing habits that develop in congenial ways around underlying personality trends (Messick, 1970(Messick, , 1972. These styles appear in the form of crystallized preferences, attitudes, or h~bitua~strategies which determine a person's characteristic modes of perceiving, remembering, thinking, and problem solving.…”

Section: Theories Of the Nature And Formatiori Of Psychological Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other complex processes -27-such as memory and recall may also prove to be similarly amenable to analysis in terms of sequences of component factorial processes (Guilford, 1967;Messick, 1972).…”

Section: Theories Of the Nature And Formatiori Of Psychological Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Structure: In Search of Functional Models of Psychological Process1

Messick

1972

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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This paper emphasizes the .need to go beyond structural models of personality and intellect to develop sequential models of psychological process, particularly for such complex phenomena of prime concern to theory and application as learning, problem solving, and creativity.It is further argued that factor analysis, in a multitude of studies of cognition and personality over the past fifty years, has already delineated many relevant process variables that might serve as components in these sequential models.Beyond Structure:In Search of Functional Models of Psychological Process lSilvan Tomkins (1962) once remarked that it seemed to him that human personality was "organized as a language is organized, with elements of varying degrees of complexity-~from letters, words, phrases, and sentences to styles--and with a set of rules of combination which enable the generation of both endless novelty and the very high order of redundancy which we call style." He went on to note that "if we had to be blind about one or the other of these types of components, we should sacrifice the elements for the rules, l' although "factor analysis appears to have made the opposite decision. It would tell what letters, or words, or phrases, or even styles were invariant and characteristic of a personality or of a number of personalities," but by itself it does not and cannot "generate the rules of combination which together with the elements constitute personality" (Tomkins, 1962, p , 287).The use of language as a prototype for psychological functioning is not new. Lashley (1951), for example, pointed to the generality of the problem of syntax. He maintained that most processes of both thought and action were sequential, thereby entailing an essential problem of serial order--not just of elements but of hierarchies of organization (e.g., the order of vocal movements in pronouncing a word, the order of words in a sentence, the order of sentences in a paragraph, the order of paragraphs in a rational discourse). One of the most critical tasks for psychology is to explicate the syntax of thought and of behavior,-2-to uncover the generalized schemata of action which determine the sequences of specific component acts, thereby moving psychological theories from the level of rhetoric to the level of grammar.The aims of the present paper are to affirm the importance of developing sequential models of psychological process--particularly of such complex psychological phenomena of prime concern to theory and application as learning, problem solving, and creativity--and to argue, as Tomkins (1962) has already backhandedly allowed, that factor analysis in a multitude of studies of cognition and personality over the past fifty years may have delineated many important component processes for these sequential models.Factor analysis attempts to derive from consistent individual differences in complex, multiply-determined behaviors a limited set of underlying component variables which in weighted combination would account for the observed covariat...

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Multivariate Models of Cognition and Personality: The Need for Both Process and Structure in Psychological Theory and Measurement1

Cited by 26 publications

References 71 publications

Using Computerized Tests to Measure New Dimensions of Abilities: An Exploratory Study

Using Computerized Tests to Measure New Dimensions of Abilities: An Exploratory Study

Cultural Influences on Patterns of Abilities in North America1

Beyond Structure: In Search of Functional Models of Psychological Process1

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