Multivariate optimization of mebeverine analysis using molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor based on silver nanoparticles

Abstract

Thin film of a moleculary imprinted polymer (MIP) based on electropolymerization method with sensitive and selective binding sites for mebeverine (MEB) was developed. This film was cast on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) by electrochemical polymerization in solution of pyrrole (PY) and template MEB via cyclic voltammetry scans and further electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Several parameters controlling the performance of the silver nano particles MIP pencil graphite electrode (AgNPs-MIP-PGE) including concentration of PY(mM) concentration of mebeverine (mM), number of cycles in electropolymerization, scan rate of CV process (mV. s −1 ), deposition time of AgNPs on to the MIP surface (s), stirring rate of loading solution (rpm), electrode loading time (min), pH of Britton–Robinson Buffer (BRB) solution were examined and optimized using multivariate optimization methods such as Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). Two dynamic linear ranges of concentration for the MIP sensor were obtained as. 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −6 and 1 × 10 −5 to 1 × 10 −3 M with the limit of detection (LOD) of 8.6 × 10 −9 M (S/N = 3). The proposed method was successfully intended for the determination of MEB in real samples (serum, capsule). The sensor was showed highly reproducible response (RSD 1.1%) to MEB concentration.

Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…The encapsulated template molecules were extracted by introducing the polymer adduct into an adequate solvent or solvent mixture for a given time, usually under stirring [36,37,[48][49][50][51][52]65,91,92,120,123,[125][126][127][128], with the complete removal of the analyte molecules most often being confirmed by the absence of the characteristic signal in voltametric recordings [48,[50][51][52]120,123,125] but also by FTIR [52], UV-Vis [48,49], or EDS analysis [120,128]. Some studies reported the electrochemical de-doping of the imprinted polymer performed either by cyclic [129] or differential pulse potential scanning [106,107,121,122,124] or by applying to the PGE covered with the polymeric film a given potential for a well-established time period [38].…”

“…In some cases, electrodeposition (e.g., AuNPs) and electropolymerization (e.g., polypyrrole [37], and poly(L-methionine [130]) on the PGE surface were achieved in one single step by CV, with other modification procedures comprising both cyclic voltametric and potentiostatic steps [53,91,129,131].…”

“…Although the problems solved by computational chemistry and chemometrics are different, one can also find situations where they contribute symbiotically to the development of robust procedures of pharmaceutical electroanalysis [121], as discussed at the end of this section. Subsequently, this section states briefly the problems solved in the reviewed articles either by chemometrics [23,88,106,107,121,122,129,142,143,153] or computational chemistry [48][49][50]86,106,107,114,115,117,121,122].…”

“…Depending on the nature of the structured materials engineered to cover the PGE surface, the number of experimental variates that influence the sensors' performance during the determinations can be numerous. Faced with the need to optimize many experimental parameters, multifactorial optimizations of the developed analytical procedures have been performed either by classical methods, such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or the Response Surface (RS) methodology [88,[105][106][107]129,142,143,153], or by more advanced chemometric tools, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) [121,122] or Genetic Algorithms (GAs) [121,122]. As input for the employed optimization methods, data acquired in one or two sets of developed experiments have been used, with the aim of limiting the number of determinations according to the available experimental designs of the following types: Plackett-Burman (PB) [106,107,121,122,129], central composite (CCD) [104,106,121,122,129,142,143], Box-Behnken [153], or Taguchi L25 orthogonal [88].…”

Electropolymerised Polypyrroles as Active Layers for Molecularly Imprinted Sensors: Fabrication and Applications

“…The sensor was found to be fairly selective, showing little current variation in the presence of comparable concentrations of interferents-drugs similar structurally to methimazole. A similar approach was taken for the detection of mebeverin, where a graphite electrode was used and where the template was also removed by voltammetric cycling [30]. This was also the case for celecoxib, in the case of which the only deviation from this procedure was that a different potential range was employed for the removal of the template via voltammetric cycling [31].…”