“…C Lustering, primitive exploration with little or no prior knowledge, is one of the most indispensable and fundamental research topics in artificial intelligence research, and applies in many fields such as image retrieval, image annotation, document analysis and image segmentation, etc. In the past few decades, many classic clustering algorithms have been proposed, including spectral clustering (SC) [1], [2], subspace clustering [3], [4], graph based clustering [5] and so on. Despite extensive study, the performance of traditional clustering methods deteriorates with high dimensional data due to unreliable similarity metrics, known as the curse of dimensionality, when working with large-scale real-world image datasets.…”