“…7 shows the typical XPS phase characterization of the wear scar of 20CrMnTi at 85 min. As shown in the figure, with reference to the results of Zhang et al , 23 Fan et al , 24 Huang et al , 25 and Yang et al , 26 the main XPS diffraction peaks were mainly attributed to the metal oxides of SnO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , MnO 2 , and Cr 2 O 3 . When sliding wear was carried out up to 85 min, metal oxides such as SnO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , MnO 2 , and Cr 2 O 3 formed on wear scars, leading to a friction coefficient of approximately 0.32 and a wear rate of approximately 4.23 × 10 −5 mm 3 N −1 m −1 (see Fig.…”