“…Thus, the local atomic configuration and chemical state can be determined around a certain element at a particular crystallographic site of a unit cell and also in a particular crystalline phase of a sample. Pioneering DAFS studies, including theoretical introductions, have been reported (Renevier et al, 1997;Cross et al, 1998;Meyer et al, 1999;Proietti et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2006;Joly et al, 2008) and reviewed (Sorensen et al, 1994;Favre-Nicolin et al, 2012;Palancher et al, 2012;Zschornak et al, 2014). However, there have been few reports on the application of DAFS to practical materials, which often require specific types of investigations (such as a time-series variation associated with the durability and degradation of product performances), presumably because of the two scientific challenges discussed below.…”